Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32295600›Full record

ArticleRespiratory research2020

The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers.

Andrzej S Swinarew, Arkadiusz J Stanula, Jadwiga Gabor, Paweł Raif, Jarosław Paluch, Jakub Karpiński, Klaudia Kubik, Hubert Okła, Andrzej Ostrowski, Ewaryst Tkacz and 5 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Respiratory research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 39% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Preventive Effect ofNutrients · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.

Andrzej S SwinarewFaculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
Arkadiusz J StanulaDepartment of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
Jadwiga GaborFaculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
Paweł RaifDepartment of Biosensors and Biomedical Signals Processing, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Gliwice, Poland.
Jarosław PaluchDepartment of Laryngology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
Jakub KarpińskiDepartment of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
Klaudia KubikFaculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
Hubert OkłaFaculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
Andrzej OstrowskiDepartment of Water Sports, Academy of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland.
Ewaryst TkaczDepartment of Biosensors and Biomedical Signals Processing, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Gliwice, Poland.
Szymon SkoczyńskiDepartment of Pneumonology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
Zbigniew WaśkiewiczDepartment of Swimming and Water Rescue, Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
Thomas RosemannInstitute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
Pantelis T NikolaidisExercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece.
Beat KnechtleInstitute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland. beat.knechtle@hispeed.ch.
Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach · PLUniversity of Silesia in Katowice · PLMedical University of Silesia · PLSilesian University of Technology · PLUniversity of Zurich · CHSechenov University · RUUniversity School of Physical Education in Kraków · PL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesSwimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which - in combination with compounds contained in water - could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer's lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of swimming training in an indoor pool on the composition of swimmers' respiratory phase metabolomics, and develop a system to provide basic information about its impact on the swimmer's airway mucosa metabolism, which could help to assess the risk of secondary respiratory tract diseases i.e. sport results, condition, and health including lung acute and chronic diseases).

designA group of competitive swimmers participated in the study and samples of their respiratory phase before training, immediately after training, and 2 h after training were assessed.

methodsSixteen male national and international-level competitive swimmers participated in this study. Respiratory phase analysis of the indoor swimming pool swimmers was performed. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used in the measurements. All collected data were transferred to numerical analysis for trends of tracking and mapping. The breathing phase was collected on special porous material and analyzed using GCMS headspace.

resultsThe obtained samples of exhaled air were composed of significantly different metabolomics when compared before, during and after exercise training. This suggests that exposition to indoor chlorine causes changes in the airway mucosa.

conclusionThis phenomenon may be explained by occurrence of a chlorine-initiated bio-reaction in the swimmers' lungs. The obtained results indicate that chromatographic exhaled gas analysis is a sensitive method of pulmonary metabolomic changes assessment. Presented analysis of swimmers exhaled air indicates, that indoor swimming may be responsible for airway irritation caused by volatile chlorine compounds and their influence on lung metabolism.

Indexed as

Swimming PoolsChlorineHumansMaleRespiratory Function TestsRespiratory MechanicsRespiratory MucosaSwimmingYoung AdultChlorineChloraminesGas chromatographyMass spectrometryPulmonary bioreactionPulmonary metabolomicsSwimmingTrichloromethane

Identifiers

PMID32295600
PMCPMC7161211
OpenAlexW3016990199

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.