SynthesisPloS one2020
Association between cigarette smoking and the risk of dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- What is known about adolescent dysmenorrhoea in (and for) community health settings?Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Pooled it
- Empowering Women Through Pharmaceutical Education: A New Approach to Premenstrual Syndrome.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gender-specific addiction research needed now more than ever: Reflections from 25 years of the NIDA Clinical Trials Network Gender Special Interest Group.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Influence of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on dysmenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Taiwan Biobank.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The prevalence and associated risk factors of primary dysmenorrhea among women in Beijing: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dysmenorrhea Among Women Living in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Determinants, and Impact.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring the Association Between Body Mass Index and Dysmenorrhea in Adolescent Girls in Uganda.Women's reproductive health (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Review
- Associations Between Lifestyle Factors and Primary Dysmenorrhea in the Japan Nurses' Health Study.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Public attitudes about the support for the establishment of smoke-free environment.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome in Association with Health Habits in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Dysmenorrhea in Polish Adolescent Girls: Impact on Physical, Mental, and Social Well-Being-Results from POLKA 18 Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Abdominal Musculature Thickness, Pelvic Tilt, and Trunk Mobility in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Systematic replication of smoking disease associations using survey responses and EHR data in the All of Us Research Program.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2023Article
- Weight Changes and Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors Are Associated With Dysmenorrhea in Young Women.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Assessment of prevalence, knowledge and health-related practices of dysmenorrhea among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur: a cross-sectional survey.Annals of medicine · 2023Article
- Primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescents and young women: A twin family study of maternal transmission, genetic influence and associations.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2022Article
- Prevalence of chronic pelvic pain and primary dysmenorrhea in women of reproductive age in Ecuador.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of women's health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEmerging studies have found inconsistent results on the potential relationship between cigarette smoking and dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantitatively synthesize the previous findings on the preceding relationship using meta-analysis.
methodsPrevious studies on the association between cigarette smoking and dysmenorrhea, published not later than November 2019, were systematically searched, using MeSH heading and/or relevant terms, in the electronic databases of PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and EMBASE. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity, whose source was explored using subgroup analysis. A pooled effect size was obtained using random effects model, and sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the consistency of the pooled effect size.
resultsAfter a rigorous screening process, 24 studies involving 27,091 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that smokers were 1.45 times more likely to develop dysmenorrhea than non-smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-1.61). In addition, individuals classified as currently smoking were 1.50 times more likely to develop dysmenorrhea than those who were classified as never smoking (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.33-1.70), whereas being a former smoker was 1.31 times more likely to develop dysmenorrhea than being a never smoker (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.18-1.46). Sensitivity analysis showed that exclusion of any single study did not materially alter the overall combined effect.
conclusionThe evidence from this meta-analysis indicated a significant association between cigarette smoking (both current and former smoking) and dysmenorrhea. The adverse effects of smoking provide further support for prevention of dysmenorrhea and emphasize the need to target women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.