ArticlePloS one2020
Towards a fully automated surveillance of well-being status in laboratory mice using deep learning: Starting with facial expression analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Artificial Intelligence-Based Decoding of Animal Micro-Expressions: A Review of Methodological Advances and Translational Applications.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- GrimACE: automated, multimodal cage-side assessment of pain and well-being in mice.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Comparing the performance of deep learning video-based models and trained veterinarians in cattle pain assessment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Voluntary Additional Welfare Monitoring of Farm Animals Used in Research: Maximising Benefits Requires Sustained Support.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Dog facial landmarks detection and its applications for facial analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Real-time fear emotion recognition in mice based on multimodal data fusion.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparison between AI and human expert performance in acute pain assessment in sheep.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advancing outcome measure development and analytical approaches: Pain in Animals Workshop 2023.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- PainSeeker: a head pose-invariant deep learning method for assessing rat's pain by facial expressions.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Automated video-based pain recognition in cats using facial landmarks.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Computational investigation of the social function of domestic cat facial signals.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Automated acute pain prediction in domestic goats using deep learning-based models on video-recordings.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Development of PainFace software to simplify, standardize, and scale up mouse grimace analyses.Pain · 2024Article
- The grimace scale: a useful tool for assessing pain in laboratory animals.Experimental animals · 2024Review
- Perspectives of FTIR as Promising Tool for Pathogen Diagnosis, Sanitary and Welfare Monitoring in Animal Experimentation Models: A Review Based on Pertinent Literature.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Article
- From facial expressions to algorithms: a narrative review of animal pain recognition technologies.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- Automated landmark-based cat facial analysis and its applications.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Fully automated deep learning models with smartphone applicability for prediction of pain using the Feline Grimace Scale.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Assessing the well-being of an animal is hindered by the limitations of efficient communication between humans and animals. Instead of direct communication, a variety of parameters are employed to evaluate the well-being of an animal. Especially in the field of biomedical research, scientifically sound tools to assess pain, suffering, and distress for experimental animals are highly demanded due to ethical and legal reasons. For mice, the most commonly used laboratory animals, a valuable tool is the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS), a coding system for facial expressions of pain in mice. We aim to develop a fully automated system for the surveillance of post-surgical and post-anesthetic effects in mice. Our work introduces a semi-automated pipeline as a first step towards this goal. A new data set of images of black-furred laboratory mice that were moving freely is used and provided. Images were obtained after anesthesia (with isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine combination) and surgery (castration). We deploy two pre-trained state of the art deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures (ResNet50 and InceptionV3) and compare to a third CNN architecture without pre-training. Depending on the particular treatment, we achieve an accuracy of up to 99% for the recognition of the absence or presence of post-surgical and/or post-anesthetic effects on the facial expression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.