ArticleScientific data2020
A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records.
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Article in Scientific data, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 31 papers.
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31 citing papers in PubMed.
- NAMPHORA: a fossil and modern pollen database from Northern Africa and adjacent Mediterranean and Arabian regions.Scientific data · 2026Article
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- Multi-centennial internal variability in the North Atlantic could drive additional warming over Europe.Nature communications · 2026Article
- US scientists push back as Trump eyes Greenland.Nature · 2026Article
- Intensified tropical cyclone activity in East Asia during the Maunder (solar) Minimum.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- North American "warming holes" and European heat during abrupt Holocene cooling events in the Atlantic.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A simple method for generating long-term Holocene climate data with future climate projections from meteorological observation data.MethodsX · 2025Article
- The seasonal temperature conundrum for the Holocene.Science advances · 2025Article
- Late Quaternary fluctuation in upper range limit of trees shapes endemic flora diversity on the Tibetan Plateau.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Multicentennial cycles in continental demography synchronous with solar activity and climate stability.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The 4.2 ka event is not remarkable in the context of Holocene climate variability.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Deductive automated pollen classification in environmental samples via exploratory deep learning and imaging flow cytometry.The New phytologist · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Using gridCoal to assess whether standard population genetic theory holds in the presence of spatio-temporal heterogeneity in population size.Molecular ecology resources · 2022Article
- The deglacial forest conundrum.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Holocene seasonal temperature evolution and spatial variability over the Northern Hemisphere landmass.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Current Siberian heating is unprecedented during the past seven millennia.Nature communications · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
93 authors.
Darrell KaufmanNorthern Arizona University, School of Earth and Sustainability, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. darrell.kaufman@nau.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7572-1414
Nicholas McKayNorthern Arizona University, School of Earth and Sustainability, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-5113
Cody RoutsonNorthern Arizona University, School of Earth and Sustainability, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-7809
Michael ErbNorthern Arizona University, School of Earth and Sustainability, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
Basil DavisUniversity of Lausanne, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
Oliver HeiriUniversity of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.
Samuel JaccardUniversity of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0896
Jessica TierneyUniversity of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9080-9289
Christoph DätwylerUniversity of Bern, Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9923-4311
Yarrow AxfordNorthwestern University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Thomas BrusselUniversity of Utah, Department of Geography, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
Olivier CartapanisUniversity of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.
Brian ChaseUniversité de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Montpellier, 34095, France.
Andria DawsonMount Royal University, Department of General Education, Calgary, T3E6K6, Canada.
Anne de VernalUniversité du Québec à Montréal, Geotop-UQAM, Montréal, H3C 3P8, Canada.
Stefan EngelsUniversity of London, Birkbeck, Department of Geography, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2078-0361
Lukas JonkersUniversity of Bremen, MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, 28359, Germany.
Jeremiah MarsicekUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Geoscience, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
Paola Moffa-SánchezDurham University, Department of Geography, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
Carrie MorrillUniversity of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-5469
Anais OrsiLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France.
Kira RehfeldHeidelberg University, Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg, 69221, Germany.
Krystyna SaundersAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Environment, Lucas Heights, 2234, Australia.
Philipp S SommerUniversity of Lausanne, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6171-7716
Elizabeth ThomasUniversity at Buffalo, Department of Geology, Buffalo, NY, 14206, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6489-7123
Marcela TonelloUniversidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina.
Mónika TóthBalaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, H-8237, Hungary.
Richard VachulaBrown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Providence, 2912, USA.
Andrei AndreevAlfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Potsdam, 14473, Germany.
Sebastien BertrandGhent University, Renard Centre of Marine Geology, Gent, 9000, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0374-4040
Boris BiskabornAlfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Potsdam, 14473, Germany.
Manuel BringuéNatural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, AB, T2L 2A7, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-8344
Stephen BrooksNatural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
Magaly CaniupánUniversity of Concepcion, Department of Oceanography and COPAS Sur-Austral Program, Concepcion, 4030000, Chile.
Manuel ChevalierUniversity of Lausanne, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
Les CwynarUniversity of New Brunswick, Department of Biology, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
Julien Emile-GeayUniversity of Southern California, Department of Earth Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5920-4751
John FegyveresiNorthern Arizona University, School of Earth and Sustainability, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
Angelica FeurdeanGoethe University, Department of Physical Geography, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2497-3005
Walter FinsingerUniversité de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Montpellier, 34095, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8297-0574
Marie-Claude FortinUniversity of Ottawa, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, K1N6N5, Canada.
Louise FosterNewcastle University, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE17RU, UK.
Mathew FoxUniversity of Arizona, School of Anthropology, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
Konrad GajewskiUniversity of Ottawa, Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, Ottawa, K1N6N5, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4677-7432
Martin GrosjeanUniversity of Bern, Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3553-8842
Sonja HausmannAquatica GmbH, Bern, 3007, Switzerland.
Markus HeinrichsOkanagan College, Department of Geography and Earth and Environmental Science, Kelowna, V1Y 4X8, Canada.
Naomi HolmesSheffield Hallam University, Department of the Natural and Built Environment, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
Boris IlyashukUniversity of Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
Elena IlyashukUniversity of Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
Steve JugginsNewcastle University, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE17RU, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4466-424X
Deborah KhiderUniversity of Southern California, Information Sciences Institute, Marina Del Rey, CA, 90292, USA.
Karin KoinigUniversity of Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-4934
Peter LangdonUniversity of Southampton, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
Isabelle Larocque-ToblerThe LAKES Institute, Lyss, 3250, Switzerland.
Jianyong LiNorthwest University, China, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an, 710027, China.
André LotterUniversity of Bern, Palaeoecology, Bern, CH-3013, Switzerland.
Tomi LuotoUniversity of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Lahti, 15140, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6925-3688
Anson MackayUniversity College London, Department of Geography, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
Eniko MagyariEötvös Loránd University, Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
Steven MalevichUniversity of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
Bryan MarkThe Ohio State University, Department of Geography and Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
Julieta MassaferroCONICET Argentina, CENAC/APN, Bariloche, RN, 8400, Argentina.
Vincent MontadeUniversité de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Montpellier, 34095, France.
Larisa NazarovaPotsdam University, Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
Elena NovenkoLomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
Petr PařilMasaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno, 61137, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-997X
Emma PearsonNewcastle University, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE17RU, UK.
Matthew PerosBishop's University, Department of Environment and Geography, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 1Z7, Canada.
Reinhard PienitzUniversité Laval, Department of Geography, Center for Northern Studies, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
Mateusz PłóciennikUniversity of Lodz, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Lodz, 90-237, Poland.
David PorinchuUniversity of Georgia, Department of Geography, Athens, GA, 30606, USA.
Aaron PotitoNational University of Ireland Galway, School of Geography, Archaeology and Irish Studies, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
Andrew ReesVictoria University of Wellington, School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
Scott ReinemannSinclair Community College, Geography Department, Dayton, OH, 45402, USA.
Stephen RobertsBritish Antarctic Survey, Palaeoenvironments and Ice Sheets, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
Nicolas RollandFisheries and Ocean Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9883-8124
Sakari SalonenUniversity of Helsinki, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-9081
Angela SelfThe Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
Heikki SeppäUniversity of Helsinki, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2494-7955
Shyhrete ShalaStockholm University, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
Jeannine-Marie St-JacquesConcordia University, Geography, Planning and Environment, Montreal, H3G 1M8, Canada.
Barbara StenniCa' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Venezia, 30172, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4950-3664
Liudmila SyrykhHerzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Research Laboratory of the Environmental management, St. Petersburg, 191186, Russia.
Pol TarratsUniversitat de Barcelona, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Secció Ecologia, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
Karen TaylorNational University of Ireland Galway, School of Geography, Archaeology and Irish Studies, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
Valerie van den BosVictoria University of Wellington, School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
Gaute VelleNORCE Norwegian Research Centre, LFI, Bergen, 5008, Norway.
Eugene WahlUS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
Ian WalkerUniversity of British Columbia, Department of Biology; Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
Janet WilmshurstLandcare Research, Ecosystems and Conservation, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4474-8569
Enlou ZhangChinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Nanjing, 210008, China.
Snezhana ZhilichInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-0602
Funding
National Science Foundation (NSF) AGS-1602105National Science Foundation (NSF) AGS-1602301National Science Foundation (NSF) AGS-1903548
Abstract
A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format.
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