SynthesisJournal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association2020
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Lactational Mastitis: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05794945 (OPTIMISTOptimizing Mastitis Identification and Treatment), which is not on this map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
OPTIMISTOptimizing Mastitis Identification and Treatment
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- The preventive and therapeutic effects of probiotics on mastitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Human Milk Sodium Monitoring Across the Continuum of Lactation: From Secretory Activation to Established Lactation.Nutrients · 2026Article
- A Fluorescent Probe for Carboxylesterases Detection in Estradiol Valerate-Treated Inflammation Alleviation.Journal of fluorescence · 2026Article
- Non-pharmacological interventions for lactational mastitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- A Case Report of Severe Mastitis Leading to Breast Necrosis and Toxic Shock Syndrome during the Puerperium.Journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Microbial Biomarkers of Breast Tumor and Mastitis: Deciphering the Delicate Balance between Potentially "Evil" and "Benign" Alliances in Mammary Microbiomes.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Pictorial Review on Mastitis: Clinical Aspects, Imaging Features and Complications.Journal of imaging · 2026Review
- Demographic characteristics and clinical analysis of patients with plasma cell mastitis: a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study.Gland surgery · 2026Article
- The Gems and Pitfalls of Inflammatory Breast Disease: An Illustrated Review of Mastitis. What the Radiologist Should Know.Radiology research and practice · 2026Review
- Subclinical mastitis during lactation: a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?Medical hypotheses · 2025Article
- Integrated Transcriptomics and Network Pharmacology Reveal the Mechanism of Poplar-Type Propolis on the Mouse Mastitis Model.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Risk factors for treatment failure in lactational mastitis: a retrospective cohort study in China.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- A National Survey: Trends in U.S. Postpartum Pumping Practices After Term Deliveries.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Increasing breastfeeding literacy: A preliminary study to develop an AI-based chatbot.International journal of nursing sciences · 2025Article
- Validity of an ion selective electrode for measuring human milk sodium and potassium ion levels at point-of-care in lactating mothers with inflammatory breast conditions.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- Constructing a predictive model for acute mastitis in lactating women based on machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Management of Mastitis in the Hospital Setting: An International Audit Study.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2025Article
- Evaluation of ChatGPT-4 as an Online Outpatient Assistant in Puerperal Mastitis Management: Content Analysis of an Observational Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Observational
- Factors influencing the intention to use Thai traditional medical postpartum care among pregnant and postpartum women in Bangkok: a cross-sectional study.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLactational mastitis is a maternal morbidity that affects the wellbeing of women and their babies, including through breastfeeding discontinuation. RESEARCH
aimTo systematically review the available global literature on the frequency of lactational mastitis, and to summarize the evidence on risk factors for lactational mastitis. We also describe gaps in the evidence and identify priority areas for future research.
methodsWe systematically searched and screened 6 databases and included 26 articles, conducted meta-analysis of disease frequency, and narratively synthesized evidence on risk factors.
resultsIn 11 (42%) articles researchers reported a measure of disease frequency; 5 (19%) reported risk factors, and 10 (39%) included both. Overall, the quality of studies was low, related to suboptimal measurement of disease frequency, high risk of bias, reverse causality, and incomplete adjustment for confounding. Meta-analysis was based on 3 studies (pooled incidence between birth and Week 25 postpartum: 11.1 episodes per 1,000 breastfeeding weeks; 95% CI [10.2-12.0]); with high heterogeneity across contexts and highest incidence in the first four weeks postpartum. Researchers assessed 42 potential risk factors; nipple damage was the most frequently studied and strongly associated with mastitis. There was a scarcity of studies from low-resource settings.
conclusionsLactational mastitis is a common condition, but the wide variability in incidence across contexts suggested that a substantial portion of this burden might be preventable. Provision of care to breastfeeding women at risk for or affected by mastitis is currently constrained due to a critical lack of high quality epidemiological evidence about its incidence and risk factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.