Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2020
Effectiveness of nicotine gum in preventing lapses in the face of temptation to smoke among non-daily smokers: a secondary analysis.
Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Suspected nicotine-induced acute urticaria following excessive use of smoking cessation lozenges: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- How Much Longer Will We Ignore Nondaily Cigarette Smoking?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Revisiting dezocine for opioid use disorder: A narrative review of its potential abuse liability.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Perceptions, intentions, and actual use of a consumer nicotine gum.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Electronic cigarettes and vaping: toxicological awareness is increasing.Archives of toxicology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsNon-daily smokers (NDS) comprise a large fraction of US smokers. Despite little or no dependence, as typically assessed, intermittent smokers (ITS) have difficulty quitting smoking. A randomized clinical trial comparing the effect of nicotine gum with placebo on quitting smoking in non-daily smokers did not find an effect on overall abstinence. We undertook an analysis to assess whether using nicotine gum versus placebo when tempted to smoke could reduce incidence of lapses in those situations.
designWithin a 6-week randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotine gum, analyses contrasted the outcome of temptation episodes where gum was or was not used.
settingSmoking cessation research clinic in Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
participantsA total of 255 adult ITS (131 nicotine gum, 124 placebo) seeking help for smoking cessation.
interventionNicotine gum (2 mg) versus placebo for up to 8 weeks, with as-needed dosing instructions. MEASUREMENTS: Outcome was lapsing in temptation episodes, as reported by participants via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Propensity scores predicting gum use from situational factors (e.g. mood, social setting, smoking cues) served as a control variable.
findingsParticipants reported 2713 temptation episodes, 46.0% (1248) of which resulted in smoking (lapsing). There was a significant gum use × active treatment interaction (P = 0.0009). Using nicotine gum decreased the odds of lapsing by 55% compared with using placebo [odds ratio (OR) = 0.45; 0.22-0.94]; when gum was not used, the assigned gum condition made no significant difference (OR = 1.53; 0.78-3.01; Bayes factor = 0.14). The nicotine effect was not reliably different when participants were trying to achieve abstinence versus when trying to maintain abstinence (OR = 0.44; 0.10, 2.03; P = 0.294; Bayes factor = 0.11), for men and women (OR = 1.68; 0.58, 4.87; P = 0.343; Bayes factor = 0.10), or for participants with some or no dependence (OR = 0.88; 0.30, 2.59; P = 0.811; Bayes factor = 0.06).
conclusionsWhen used in response to temptation to smoke, 2 mg nicotine gum can help to prevent lapses among non-daily smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.