ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2020
To What Extent Is the Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Fetal Growth Restriction Explained by Adequacy of Prenatal Care? A Mediation Analysis of a Retrospectively Selected Cohort.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Assessment of the Adequacy of Prenatal Care With Different Evaluation Indices Using Maternal and Fetal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2026Article
- Third Generation Consequences of Small for Gestational Age Births.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Comprehensive Review on Toll-like Receptor 4-Mediated Pathophysiology, Clinical, and Therapeutic Insights.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Natural Effects in the Presence of an Intermediate Confounder: Evaluation of Pragmatic Estimation Strategies With an Emphasis on the Relationship Between Natural and Interventional Effects.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Ethnic group, socioeconomic position and pregnancy outcome: a mediation model through latent class.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Meconium-Related Obstruction and Clinical Outcomes in Term and Preterm Infants.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Wider determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Birmingham and Solihull.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Explaining the Link Between Paternal Socioeconomic Position and Small for Gestational Age Birth: The Effect of Maternal Unhealthy Behaviors.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Article
- Infant Outcomes in Hypertensive Women: Are there Moderating Effects of Prenatal Care and Race/Ethnicity?Maternal and child health journal · 2023Article
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Race/ethnicity is associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) birth. We evaluated the extent to which this association is mediated by adequacy of prenatal care (PNC). A retrospective cohort study was conducted using US National Center for Health Statistics natality files for the years 2011-2017. We performed mediation analyses using a statistical approach that allows for exposure-mediator interaction, and we estimated natural direct effects, natural indirect effects, and proportions mediated. All effects were estimated as risk ratios. Among 23,118,656 singleton live births, the excess risk of IUGR among Black women, Hispanic women, and women of other race/ethnicity as compared with White women was partly mediated by PNC adequacy: 13% of the association between non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity and IUGR, 12% of the association in Hispanic women, and 10% in other women was attributable to PNC inadequacy. The percentage of excess risk of SGA birth that was mediated was 7% in Black women, 6% in Hispanic women, and 5% in other women. Our findings suggest that PNC adequacy may partly mediate the association between race/ethnicity and fetal growth restriction. In future research, investigators should employ causal mediation frameworks to consider additional factors and mediators that could help us better understand this association.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.