ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Distinct locomotor precursors in newborn babies.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Influence of surgical intervention on pre- and post-surgery patient specific muscle synergies in children with cerebral palsy.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- The role of independent walking in the maturation of the spinal locomotor output in children with cerebral palsy.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Functional symmetrization of neuromotor modules during locomotor development in human infants.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Developmental changes in upper limb muscle synergies during throwing: A comparison between preschoolers and schoolers.iScience · 2025Article
- State-dependent neural representations of muscle synergies in the spinal cord revealed by optogenetic stimulation.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Exploring the cortical involvement in sensorimotor integration during early stages of independent walking.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- Motor synergy and energy efficiency emerge in whole-body locomotion learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Muscle responses to limb block during spontaneous movements in infants.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Motor elements of the third month variously predict individual later motor elements.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- What is Balance? A Vital Mechano-Regulation Paradigm.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2025Article
- Motor patterns of patients with spinal muscular atrophy suggestive of sensory and corticospinal contributions to the development of locomotor muscle synergies.Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of EMG patterns in children during assisted walking in the exoskeleton.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Lower-limb muscle synergies in musician's dystonia: a case study of a drummer.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Article
- Gradient descent decomposition of force-field motor primitives optogenetically elicited for motor mapping of the murine lumbosacral spinal cord.Zoological research · 2023Article
- Article
- Comparison of the forward and sideways locomotor patterns in children with Cerebral Palsy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Forces Generated by Agonist Muscles during Isometric Contractions Arise from Motor Unit Synergies.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Context expectation influences the gait pattern biomechanics.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Protracted development of motor cortex constrains rich interpretations of infant cognition.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mature locomotion involves modular spinal drives generating a set of fundamental patterns of motoneuron activation, each timed at a specific phase of locomotor cycles and associated with a stable muscle synergy. How locomotor modules develop and to what extent they depend on prior experience or intrinsic programs remains unclear. To address these issues, we herein leverage the presence at birth of two types of locomotor-like movements, spontaneous kicking and weight-bearing stepping. The former is expressed thousands of times in utero and postnatally, whereas the latter is elicited de novo by placing the newborn on the ground for the first time. We found that the neuromuscular modules of stepping and kicking differ substantially. Neonates kicked with an adult-like number of temporal activation patterns, which lacked a stable association with systematic muscle synergies across movements. However, on the ground neonates stepped with fewer temporal patterns but all structured in stable synergies. Since kicking and ground-stepping coexist at birth, switching between the two behaviors may depend on a dynamic reconfiguration of the underlying neural circuits as a function of sensory feedback from surface contact. We tracked the development of ground-stepping in 4- to 48-mo-old infants and found that, after the age of 6 mo, the number of temporal patterns increased progressively, reaching adult-like conformation only after independent walking was established. We surmise that mature locomotor modules may derive by combining the multiple patterns of repeated kicking, on the one hand, with synergies resulting from fractionation of those revealed by sporadic weight-bearing stepping, on the other hand.
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