ReviewHandbook of experimental pharmacology2021
Botulinum Neurotoxins: Mechanism of Action.
Review in Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Advancing the Evidence on Glabellar Contraction Patterns-A Prospective Multicenter Study on Its Clinical Relevance for Glabellar Neuromodulator Injections.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Trial
- NivobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of Glabellar Lines With or Without Concurrent Treatment of Lateral Canthal Lines in Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2025Trial
- Observational
- Efficacy and Safety of a Tailored Dosing Strategy with High-Dose IncobotulinumtoxinA at Flexible Injection Intervals for Cervical Dystonia: An Open-Label, Uncontrolled, Single-Arm Study in Japan.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection byScience advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Repetitive nerve stimulation findings in iatrogenic botulism compared with myasthenia gravis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Infectious bacteria as biological warfare agents: mechanisms, epidemiological threats, and defense strategies.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Molecular Typing ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Ser187 is enhanced following its cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A, promoting the dominant-negative effect of the resulting fragment.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- A Novel Anti-BoNT/A Neutralizing Antibody Possessed Overlapped Epitope with SV2 and Had Prolonged Half-Life In Vivo.Toxins · 2025Article
- Investigating the Clinical Merit of Contraction Patterns for Glabellar Neuromodulator Injections-A Clinical Retrospective Investigation Following the 3-Point Glabellar Injection Technique.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Nerve Stimulation in Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Case Report.Neurology international · 2025Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins as Two-Faced Janus Proteins.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Foodborne botulism from consumption of homemade spoiled eggs: a case series and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of focal low energy extracorporeal shock wave treatment on reduction of sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a growing family of bacterial protein toxins that cause botulism, a rare but often fatal animal and human disease. They are the most potent toxins known owing to their molecular architecture, which underlies their mechanism of action. BoNTs target peripheral nerve terminals by a unique mode of binding and enter into their cytosol where they cleave SNARE proteins, thus inhibiting the neurotransmitter release. The specificity and rapidity of binding, which limits the anatomical area of its neuroparalytic action, and its reversible action make BoNT a valuable pharmaceutical to treat neurological and non-neurological diseases determined by hyperactivity of cholinergic nerve terminals. This review reports the progress on our understanding of how BoNTs cause nerve paralysis highlighting the different steps of their molecular mechanism of action as key aspects to explain their extreme toxicity but also their unique pharmacological properties.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.