ArticleKnee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA2021
The superficial medial collateral ligament is the major restraint to anteromedial instability of the knee.
Article in Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combined medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament reconstruction demonstrates favourable patient-reported outcomes and medial knee stability in Grade III injuries: A systematic review.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026Pooled it
- Single-strand superficial medial collateral ligament reconstruction with a peroneus longus split graft provides reliable control of anteromedial rotatory instability combined with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A 2-year clinical cohort study.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Medial meniscal stabilizers, variants, and injuries of the knee.Skeletal radiology · 2026Review
- Modified Refixation Technique of Distal Deep and Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries.Arthroscopy techniques · 2026Article
- The Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Is the Primary Restraint to External Tibial Rotation Among Medial Knee Structures: A Robotic Biomechanical Study.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Review
- Anatomical medial and posteromedial ligamentoplasty for multiligament knee injury: an original technique using a pediculated autograft.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- A scoping review and guide for in vitro healthy human knee joint laxity.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Common grappling submissions: A descriptive, illustrative and literature review of anatomic structures at risk and pathophysiology.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2026Review
- [Medial collateral ligament bracing].Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie · 2025Review
- Combined ACL-MCL Injuries: Anatomy, Biomechanics, and Clinical Management.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Which tibial implantation site for the deep medial collateral ligament should be chosen to control anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee?Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Reconstruction of the Medial Collateral Ligament and the Posterior Oblique Ligament With a Flat Tibialis Allograft: the "Trifid Flat Reconstruction".Arthroscopy techniques · 2025Article
- Double-Bundle Femoral-Based Reconstruction of the Deep and Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament for Anteromedial Rotatory Instability: The MAVERIK Technique.Arthroscopy techniques · 2025Article
- Stress radiography of medial knee instability provides a reliable correlation with the severity of injury and medial joint space opening-A robotic biomechanical cadaveric study.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025Article
- MCL augmentation using a peroneus longus split tendon autograft satisfactorily restores knee stability with no impairment in foot function and with a low failure rate for concurrent ACL reconstruction.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025Article
- Modified Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Technique for Combined Reconstruction of the Deep and Superficial Medial Collateral Ligaments.Arthroscopy techniques · 2025Article
- [Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament : What must be born in mind in the reconstruction?]Unfallchirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Stability, Revision Rate, and Complication Profile of Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis and Hughston Procedure in Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Injury: An 8-Year Cohort Study.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Outperformance of Combined Artificial Anterolateral Ligament and ACL Reconstruction Compared With Isolated Artificial ACL Reconstruction in Knees With Anterolateral Structure and ACL Deficiency: A Biomechanical Analysis.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2025Article
- Measures of knee internal and external rotation made with a digital inclinometer are consistent with the measures made with an electromagnetic tracking system.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of the present study was to determine how the medial structures and ACL contribute to restraining anteromedial instability of the knee.
methodsTwenty-eight paired, fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were tested in a six-degree of freedom robotic setup. After sequentially cutting the dMCL, sMCL, POL and ACL in four different cutting orders, the following simulated clinical laxity tests were applied at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° of knee flexion: 4 Nm external tibial rotation (ER), 4 Nm internal tibial rotation (IR), 8 Nm valgus rotation (VR) and anteromedial rotation (AMR)-combined 89 N anterior tibial translation and 4 Nm ER. Knee kinematics were recorded in the intact state and after each cut using an optical tracking system. Differences in medial compartment translation (AMT) and tibial rotation (AMR, ER, IR, VR) from the intact state were then analyzed.
resultsThe sMCL was the most important restraint to AMR, ER and VR at all flexion angles. Release of the proximal tibial attachment of the sMCL caused no significant increase in laxity if the distal sMCL attachment remained intact. The dMCL was a minor restraint to AMT and ER. The POL controlled IR and was a minor restraint to AMT and ER near extension. The ACL contributed with the sMCL in restraining AMT and was a secondary restraint to ER and VR in the MCL deficient knee.
conclusionThe sMCL appears to be the most important restraint to anteromedial instability; the dMCL and POL play more minor roles. Based on the present data a new classification of anteromedial instability is proposed, which may support clinical examination and treatment decision. In higher grades of anteromedial instability an injury to the sMCL should be suspected and addressed if treated surgically.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.