ReviewBiomedicines2020
Human Clinical Relevance of the Porcine Model of Pseudoallergic Infusion Reactions.
Review in Biomedicines, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoparticles in HIV treatment for improved drug delivery, clinical translation, and future direction.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Phenotypic and functional changes to porcine monocyte-derived macrophages triggered by IL-1β and its receptor antagonist IL-1Ra.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- How to Perform Cardiac Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (cCEUS): Part I.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Single-cell analysis of pig lung leukocytes and their response to influenza infection and oseltamivir therapy.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Biocompatibility of Water-Dispersible Pristine Graphene and Graphene Oxide Using a Close-to-Human Animal Model: A Pilot Study on Swine.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Evaluation of a translational swine model of respiratory hypersensitivity induced by exposure toFrontiers in allergy · 2025Article
- Protein is expressed in all major organs after intravenous infusion of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles in swine.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Evaluation of the Acute Anaphylactoid Reactogenicity of Nanoparticle-Containing Medicines and Vaccines Using the Porcine CARPA Model.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- From Snoot to Tail: A Brief Review of Influenza Virus Infection and Immunity in Pigs.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Review
- Heterogeneity of Phenotypic and Functional Changes to Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Triggered by Diverse Polarizing Factors In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Zymosan Particle-Induced Hemodynamic, Cytokine and Blood Cell Changes in Pigs: An Innate Immune Stimulation Model with Relevance to Cytokine Storm Syndrome and Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Lipid Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery to Endothelial Cells.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Review
- Cancer nanomedicine.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2022Article
- Article
- The Hitchhiker's Guide to Human Therapeutic Nanoparticle Development.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Lessons learned from immunological characterization of nanomaterials at the Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- A porcine model of hemodialyzer reactions: roles of complement activation and rinsing back of extracorporeal blood.Renal failure · 2021Article
- Comparative Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of the Effects of IL-10 or TGF-β on Porcine Macrophages.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pigs provide a highly sensitive animal model for pseudoallergic infusion reactions, which are mild-to-severe hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) that arise following intravenous administration of certain nanoparticulate drugs (nanomedicines) and other macromolecular structures. This model has been used in research for three decades and was also proposed by regulatory bodies for preclinical assessment of the risk of HSRs in the clinical stages of nano-drug development. However, there are views challenging the human relevance of the model and its utility in preclinical safety evaluation of nanomedicines. The argument challenging the model refers to the "global response" of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIM cells) in the lung of pigs, preventing the distinction of reactogenic from non-reactogenic particles, therefore overestimating the risk of HSRs relative to its occurrence in the normal human population. The goal of this review is to present the large body of experimental and clinical evidence negating the "global response" claim, while also showing the concordance of symptoms caused by different reactogenic nanoparticles in pigs and hypersensitive man. Contrary to the model's demotion, we propose that the above features, together with the high reproducibility of quantifiable physiological endpoints, validate the porcine "complement activation-related pseudoallergy" (CARPA) model for safety evaluations. However, it needs to be kept in mind that the model is a disease model in the context of hypersensitivity to certain nanomedicines. Rather than toxicity screening, its main purpose is specific identification of HSR hazard, also enabling studies on the mechanism and mitigation of potentially serious HSRs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.