ArticleJAMA network open2020
Estimated Prevalence of Nonverbal Learning Disability Among North American Children and Adolescents.
Article in JAMA network open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Attention and social problems are uniquely associated with academic achievement beyond overall psychopathology: multicohort replication in 3,800 participants.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Accurate and efficient data-driven psychiatric assessment using machine learning.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Profiles in Nonverbal Learning Disability, Academic Skills, and Psychiatric Diagnoses in Children.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Cognitive, Visuomotor, and Adaptive Functioning Followed Longitudinally.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Neural Correlates of Irritability and Potential Moderating Effects of Inhibitory Control.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Estimating the prevalence of Non-Verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) from the ABCD sample.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Modified Approaches to Treating Anxiety for Children With Visual-Spatial Problems: A Strengths-Based Perspective.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2024Article
- "Picture this from there": spatial perspective-taking in developmental visuospatial disorder and developmental coordination disorder.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Contributions of Cerebellar White Matter Microstructure to Social Difficulty in Nonverbal Learning Disability.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2021Article
- Altered structure and functional connectivity of the hippocampus are associated with social and mathematical difficulties in nonverbal learning disability.Hippocampus · 2021Article
- External Validation of BMT-Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in visual-spatial processing but not in reading or verbal ability; in addition, problems in math calculation, visual executive functioning, fine-motor skills, and social skills are often present. To our knowledge, there are no population-based estimates of the prevalence of NVLD in community samples. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of the NVLD cognitive profile in 3 independent samples of children and adolescents from studies centered around brain imaging in the US and Canada. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from 2 samples recruited from the community and overselected for children with psychiatric disorders (Healthy Brain Network [HBN], January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019, and Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample [NKI], January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2018) and 1 community-ascertained population sample (Saguenay Youth Study [SYS], January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2012) overselected for active maternal smoking during pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prevalence of NVLD. Criteria for NVLD were based on clinical records of deficits in visual-spatial reasoning and impairment in 2 of 4 domains of function (fine-motor skills, math calculation, visual executive functioning, and social skills). Sample weighting procedures adjusted for demographic differences in sample frequencies compared with underlying target populations. Inflation factor weights accounted for overrepresentation of psychiatric disorders (HBN and NKI samples). Results: Across 3 independent samples, the prevalence of NVLD was estimated among 2596 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years (mean [SD] age, 12.5 [3.4] years; 1449 male [55.8%]). After sample and inflation weights were applied, the prevalence of NVLD was 2.78% (95% CI, 2.03%-3.52%) in the HBN sample and 3.9% (95% CI, 1.96%-5.78%) in the NKI sample. In the SYS sample, the prevalence of NVLD was 3.10% (95% CI, 1.93%-4.27%) after applying the sample weight. Across samples and estimation strategies, the population prevalence of NVLD was estimated to range from 3% to 4%. When applied to the US population younger than 18 years, 2.2 million to 2.9 million children and adolescents were estimated to have NVLD. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings suggest that the prevalence of NVLD in children and adolescents may be 3% to 4%. Given that few youths are diagnosed with NVLD and receive treatment, increased awareness, identification of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, and development and testing interventions for the disorder are needed.
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