ArticleScientific reports2020
Inter-individual differences in foveal shape in a scavenging raptor, the black kite Milvus migrans.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinal Morphological Characterization of Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia) Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Histological Techniques.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Rehabilitating wild birds of prey following ocular trauma - should foveal assessment include spectral-domain optical coherence tomography?BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Maturation and refinement of the maculae and foveae in the Anolis sagrei lizard.Experimental eye research · 2023Article
- Early evolution of diurnal habits in owls (Aves, Strigiformes) documented by a new and exquisitely preserved Miocene owl fossil from China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Birds, and especially raptors, are believed to forage mainly using visual cues. Indeed, raptors (scavengers and predators) have the highest visual acuity known to date. However, scavengers and predators differ in their visual systems such as in their foveal configuration. While the function of the foveal shape remains unknown, individual variation has never been quantified in birds. In this study, we examined whether foveal shape differs among individuals in relation to eye size, sex, age, eye (left or right) and genetic proximity in a scavenging raptor, the black kite Milvus migrans. We assessed foveal shape in 47 individuals using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and geometric morphometric analysis. We found that foveal depth was significantly related to eye size. While foveal width also increased with eye size, it was strongly related to age; younger individuals had a wider fovea with a more pronounced rim. We found no relationship between foveal shape and genetic proximity, suggesting that foveal shape is not a hereditary trait. Our study revealed that the shape of the fovea is directly linked to eye size and that the physical structure of the fovea may develop during the entire life of black kites.
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