ArticleEpidemiology and psychiatric sciences2020
Development and psychometric properties of a new brief scale for subjective personal agency (SPA-5) in people with schizophrenia.
Article in Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by assertive community treatment teams for severe mental illness with symptoms of anxiety: a cluster randomized controlled trial.Psychological medicine · 2026Trial
- Validity and reliability of the Japanese Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit four-level Self Completion Tool (ASCOT SCT4) in community mental health service users in Japan.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Article
- Personal Agency Support Questionnaire in Acute Psychiatric Inpatients: Development and Instrument Validation Study.Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal · 2026Article
- Experiences of Dissensus Between People Living With Mental Illness and Their Care Providers.Cureus · 2026Article
- Development of Priority Outcome Domains for Community Mental Health Research via Consensus Among Multiple Stakeholders: Online Delphi Study in Japan.International journal of mental health nursing · 2025Article
- Psychometric properties of Japanese version of the Recovering Quality of Life (ReQoL).BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Associations between readmission and patient-reported measures in acute psychiatric inpatients: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Validation of the Italian Sense of Agency Scale and Its Relevance to Well-Being: An Iterative Bootstrap Approach.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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- A German translation and validation of the sense of agency scale.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsPersonal agency is a variable which potentially facilitates personal recovery in people with serious mental illness. This study aimed to develop a new brief measure for subjective personal agency that can be completed by people with serious mental illness.
methodsTwo focus group interviews were first conducted with 11 people with schizophrenia to understand the fundamental components of subjective personal agency for people with serious mental illness living in the community. One group comprised six people with schizophrenia living in the community, while the other consisted of five people with schizophrenia working as peer-support workers. We then developed scale items through collaboration with people with schizophrenia and qualitative analysis (stage 1). A cross-sectional survey was then conducted to test the psychometric properties of the new scale among service users with schizophrenia in 18 assertive community treatment teams (stage 2). Factor validity was tested via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We evaluated convergent validity with the Boston University Empowerment Scale (BUES), divergent validity with the global assessment of functioning (GAF), internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.
resultsSeven items were included in the scale at stage 1. In stage 2, 195 participants completed this scale. EFA revealed a one-factor model with five items. CFA indicated good model fit (χ2 statistics [CMIN] = 8.445, df = 5 (CMIN/df = 1.689), p = 0.133, comparative fit index = 0.974, Tucker-Lewis fit index = 0.949, root mean square error of approximation = 0.077 and standardised root mean squared residual = 0.042). The new scale was significantly correlated with total BUES score (r = 0.526, p < 0.001), but not with GAF score. Cronbach's α for internal consistency was 0.79, and intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.70.
conclusionWe developed a new, five-item Subjective Personal Agency scale (SPA-5) that can be completed by people with serious mental illness. Further studies are needed to confirm the results outside Japan.
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