Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32271380›Full record

SynthesisThe Gerontologist2021

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Dementia Caregivers' Well-Being.

Chelsea Liu, Adrian N S Badana, Julia Burgdorf, Chanee D Fabius, David L Roth, William E Haley

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in The Gerontologist, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
91citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

91 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Empathy and Psychological Outcomes in Informal Caregivers of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025
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  5. Self-efficacy change among diverse family caregivers in dementia care.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026
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  15. Barriers and Facilitators for Implementing a Dementia Family Caregiver Support Strategy Among Latinos in Primary Care.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026
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  18. Caregivers serving as confidants: relationship correlates and well-being by care-recipients' dementia status.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026
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  20. Article

31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Chelsea LiuBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.ORCID 0000-0001-9942-9955
Adrian N S BadanaSchool of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa.ORCID 0000-0001-6257-1704
Julia BurgdorfBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Chanee D FabiusBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
David L RothCenter on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
William E HaleySchool of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa.

Funding

Transitions to Family Caregiving and Its Impact on Health IndicatorsRF1AG050609 · NIA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI ROTH, DAVID L · 2016 to 2016
$3.3M
NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG050609
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesStudies comparing racial/ethnic differences on measures of psychological and physical well-being for dementia caregivers have reported differences between minority and white caregivers. Recruitment methods often differ for minority and white participants due to enrollment targets and may lead to biased comparisons, especially in convenience samples. We aimed to examine racial/ethnic differences in dementia caregiver outcomes and to determine whether differences vary between studies with population-based or convenience samples. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsWe systematically reviewed articles with primary data from PubMed, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO. We included studies comparing African American or Hispanic/Latino to white dementia caregivers on measures of psychological well-being or physical well-being. Reviewers screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full texts and conducted risk-of-bias assessments. Meta-analyses were conducted to assess effects by race/ethnicity and study bias.

resultsA total of 159 effects were extracted from 38 studies, 2 of which were population based. Random-effects models revealed small but statistically significant effects with better psychological well-being in African American caregivers compared with white caregivers in both population-based (d = -0.22) and convenience sample studies (d = -0.21). Hispanics/Latino caregivers reported lower levels of physical well-being than white caregivers (d = 0.12), though these effects varied by level of rated study bias. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Consistency across study methods raises confidence in the validity of previous reports of better psychological well-being in African American caregivers. Future studies should use population-based samples with subgroups of Hispanic/Latino, Asian American, and American Indian caregivers that are culturally distinct on factors such as country of origin and tribe.

Indexed as

CaregiversDementiaBlack or African AmericanHispanic or LatinoHumansWhite PeopleAppraisalsCommunity-dwellingDepressionFamily caregivingWell-being

Identifiers

PMID32271380
PMCPMC8276619

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.