ReviewEndocrinology2020
Neuroendocrine-Immune Crosstalk Shapes Sex-Specific Brain Development.
Review in Endocrinology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in early childhood: a systematic review of the literature.Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence · 2021Pooled it
- The neuroimmune-glutamate hypothesis of addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Sex, Gender, and the Search for Analytic Truth.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Sexually Dimorphic Developmental Trajectories of Cortical and Subcortical Subfields in Early Childhood.International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Simulated spaceflight disrupts the immune-gut-brain axis and drives sex-dependent neuroinflammation, axonal injury, and behavioral deficits.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Disrupted synapses: prefrontal cortex-reward circuit dysfunction in stress-induced depression-like behaviors.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Erythrocyte-microglia crosstalk contributing to sex differences in pediatric brain tumorigenesis.Research square · 2025Article
- Understanding the intricate impacts and mechanism of actions of adaptogens on reproductive function.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Neuropeptides and Their Receptors: Immunoregulator and Therapeutic Targets for Immune Disorders.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Exposure to multiple ambient air pollutants changes white matter microstructure during early adolescence with sex-specific differences.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Sexual dimorphism during integrative endocrine and immune responses to ionizing radiation in mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sex differences in neonatal outcomes following prenatal opioid exposure.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Minding the Gap: Exploring Neuroinflammatory and Microglial Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in substance use disorders.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2023Review
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Gene×environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders.Current topics in developmental biology · 2023Review
- Unique Features of the Immune Response in BTBR Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Immune signaling in sex-specific neural and behavioral development: Adolescent opportunity.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2022Review
- The Relationship between Stress, Inflammation, and Depression.Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex is an essential biological variable that significantly impacts multiple aspects of neural functioning in both the healthy and diseased brain. Sex differences in brain structure and function are organized early in development during the critical period of sexual differentiation. While decades of research establish gonadal hormones as the primary modulators of this process, new research has revealed a critical, and perhaps underappreciated, role of the neuroimmune system in sex-specific brain development. The immune and endocrine systems are tightly intertwined and share processes and effector molecules that influence the nervous system. Thus, a natural question is whether endocrine-immune crosstalk contributes to sexual differentiation of the brain. In this mini-review, we first provide a conceptual framework by classifying the major categories of neural sex differences and review the concept of sexual differentiation of the brain, a process occurring early in development and largely controlled by steroid hormones. Next, we describe developmental sex differences in the neuroimmune system, which may represent targets or mediators of the sexual differentiation process. We then discuss the overwhelming evidence in support of crosstalk between the neuroendocrine and immune systems and highlight recent examples that shape sex differences in the brain. Finally, we review how early life events can perturb sex-specific neurodevelopment via aberrant immune activation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.