ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Dysregulated CD4+ T Cells and microRNAs in Myocarditis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pediatric Myocarditis: Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment.Paediatric drugs · 2026Review
- Identification of altered salivary microRNAs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels affected by mitral valve disease at different ACVIM stages.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- From tumor immunotherapy to myocardial injury: A mechanistic discussion of immune checkpoint inhibitor‑related myocarditis (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Inflammasomes as Potential Therapeutic Targets to Prevent Chronic Active Viral Myocarditis-Translating Basic Science into Clinical Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- miRNA-Orchestrated Fibroinflammatory Responses in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Translational Opportunities for Precision Medicine.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The endoplasmic reticulum stress status of CD4+ T lymphocytes and its association with mTOR-mediated autophagic-lysosomal disorder in elderly sepsis patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Observational
- Hsa-circ-ACSL1 Enhances Apoptosis and Autophagy in Myocarditis Cardiomyocytes Through the miR-7-5p/XBP1 Axis.Anatolian journal of cardiology · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Markers and miRNAs in a Mouse Model of CVB3 Myocarditis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Role of the Immune System in Pathobiology and Therapy of Myocarditis: A Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Advances in research on molecular markers in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis.Cancer innovation · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2-associated organs failure and inflammation: a focus on the role of cellular and viral microRNAs.Virology journal · 2023Review
- Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation to treat myocarditis through splenic neuro-immune regulation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- T-cell-derived TNF-α and a cluster of immunological parameters from plasma allow a separation between SARS-CoV-2 convalescent versus vaccinated elite athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Rare Heterogeneous Adverse Events Associated with mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Personalized Management of Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy in Clinical Practice.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Review
- The role of miRNAs in viral myocarditis, and its possible implication in induction of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines-induced myocarditis.Bulletin of the National Research Centre · 2022Review
- Deep Learning-Based Medical Data Association Rules to Explore the Connectivity and Regulation Mechanism of miRNA-mRNA Network in Myocarditis.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Ethyl Pyruvate Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- An update on the roles of immune system-derived microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases.Cardiovascular research · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Myocarditis is a polymorphic disease complicated with indeterminate etiology and pathogenesis, and represents one of the most challenging clinical problems lacking specific diagnosis and effective therapy. It is caused by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors, and causal links between dysregulated microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and myocarditis have also been supported by recent epigenetic researches. Both dysregulated CD4+ T cells and miRNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of myocarditis, and the classic triphasic model of its pathogenesis consists of the acute infectious, subacute immune, and recovery/chronic myopathic phase. CD4+ T cells are key pathogenic factors underlying the development and progression of myocarditis, and the effector and regulatory subsets, respectively, promote and inhibit autoimmune responses. Furthermore, the reciprocal interplay of these subsets influences the pathogenesis as well. Dysregulated miRNAs along with their mRNA and protein targets have been identified in heart biopsies (intracellular miRNAs) and body fluids (circulating miRNAs) during myocarditis. These miRNAs show phase-dependent changes, and correlate with viral infection, immune status, fibrosis, destruction of cardiomyocytes, arrhythmias, cardiac functions, and outcomes. Thus, miRNAs are promising diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in myocarditis. In this review, we review myocarditis with an emphasis on its pathogenesis, and present a summary of current knowledge of dysregulated CD4+ T cells and miRNAs in myocarditis.
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