ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2020
Rural-Urban Differences in Adult Life Expectancy in Indonesia: A Parametric g-formula-based Decomposition Approach.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Emergence of an Urban Mortality Advantage in Brazil: An Assessment of Age and Causes-of-Death Contributions to the Urban-Rural Mortality Gap.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- A Linear Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Social Determinants of Health Indicators.Acta medica Philippina · 2025Article
- Exploring urban-rural inequities in older adults life expectancy: a case study in Zhejiang, China for health equity.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Path-specific causal decomposition analysis with multiple correlated mediator variables.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- Gaps in the usage and reporting of multiple imputation for incomplete data: findings from a scoping review of observational studies addressing causal questions.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Causes of Outcome Learning: a causal inference-inspired machine learning approach to disentangling common combinations of potential causes of a health outcome.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Educational note: causal decomposition of population health differences using Monte Carlo integration and the g-formula.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Systolic blood pressure and six-year mortality in South Africa: Evidence from a country-wide population-based cohort study.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2021Article
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2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundEvidence on rural-urban differences in adult mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited and mixed. We examined the size of and factors contributing to rural-urban life expectancy differences among adults in Indonesia, the third most populous LMIC.
methodsData come from the 2000, 2007, and 2014/2015 waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, a population-representative longitudinal study with mortality follow-up. We used Poisson regression and life tables to estimate rural-urban differences in life expectancy among 18,867 adult respondents ≥30 years. We then used a novel g-formula-based decomposition to quantify the contribution of rural-urban differences in blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), and smoking to life expectancy differences.
resultsCompared with urban adults, life expectancy at age 30 was 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4, 3.9) years higher for rural men and 1.2 (95% CI = -0.4, 2.7) years higher for rural women. Setting the BMI and systolic BP distribution equal in urban and rural adults reduced the urban mortality penalty by 22% for men and 78% for women, with the majority of this reduction coming from the contribution of rural-urban differences in BMI. Smoking did not contribute to the urban mortality penalty for either men or women.
conclusionsAdult life expectancy is lower in urban than in rural areas in Indonesia and we estimate that this difference is partly related to differences in BMI and systolic BP.
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