ArticleArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2020
Increasing Prevalence of Antinuclear Antibodies in the United States.
Article in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- PheWAS and cross-disorder analysis reveal genetic architecture, pleiotropic loci and phenotypic correlations across 11 autoimmune disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with or without anti-connective tissue antibodies: an 18-month cohort follow-up.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Submicron-sized ultrasound contrast agents as therapeutic peptide delivery vehicles in type 1 diabetes.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Predictive Value of Laboratory Assays Toward Autoimmune Diseases.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2025Article
- Optimizing antiphospholipid antibody testing: a real-world analysis of appropriateness and resource utilization.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- Autoimmune Pericarditis: Diagnosis and New Therapeutics.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Older Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Epidemiology in the United States: 2000-2021.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Article
- Genetic relationships between systemic lupus erythematosus and a positive antinuclear antibody test in the absence of autoimmune disease.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a remarkable 2.5-fold rise compared to healthy controls.Irish journal of medical science · 2025Article
- Role of autoimmune phenomena in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Insights and limitations.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- IP-to-MS: An Unbiased Workflow for Antigen Profiling.Journal of proteome research · 2025Article
- Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Epidemiological Analysis of Antinuclear Antibodies Positivity and Pattern Distribution in a Taiwanese Hospital-Based Cohort.British journal of biomedical science · 2025Article
- Machine learning for precision diagnostics of autoimmunity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A distinct metabolic and epigenetic state drives trained immunity in HSC-derived macrophages from autoimmune mice.Cell stem cell · 2024Article
- Unique Interplay Between Antinuclear Antibodies and Nuclear Molecules in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Hydrogel-based approaches to target hypersensitivity mechanisms underlying autoimmune disease.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
- The impact of the human gut microbiome on the treatment of autoimmune disease.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Association of Infant Breastfeeding and Juvenile Spondyloarthritis: A Case-Control Study.The Journal of rheumatology · 2024Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGrowing evidence suggests increasing frequencies of autoimmunity and certain autoimmune diseases, but findings are limited by the lack of systematic data and evolving approaches and definitions. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), the most common biomarker of autoimmunity, changed over a recent 25-year span in the US.
methodsSerum ANA were measured by standard indirect immunofluorescence assays on HEp-2 cells in 14,211 participants age ≥12 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with approximately one-third from each of 3 time periods: 1988-1991, 1999-2004, and 2011-2012. We used logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and survey design variables to estimate changes in ANA prevalence across the time periods.
resultsThe prevalence of ANA was 11.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.7-12.6%) in 1988-1991, 11.5% (95% CI 10.3-12.8%) in 1999-2004, and 15.9% (95% CI 14.3-17.6%) in 2011-2012 (P for trend < 0.0001), which corresponds to ~22 million, ~27 million, and ~41 million affected individuals, respectively. Among adolescents age 12-19 years, ANA prevalence increased substantially, with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.02 (95% CI 1.16-3.53) and 2.88 (95% CI 1.64-5.04) in the second and third time periods relative to the first (P for trend < 0.0001). ANA prevalence increased in both sexes (especially in men), older adults (age ≥50 years), and non-Hispanic whites. These increases in ANA prevalence were not explained by concurrent trends in weight (obesity/overweight), smoking exposure, or alcohol consumption.
conclusionThe prevalence of ANA in the US has increased considerably in recent years. Additional studies to determine factors underlying these increases in ANA prevalence could elucidate causes of autoimmunity and enable the development of preventative measures.
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