ArticleScientific reports2020
A multivariable Mendelian randomization to appraise the pleiotropy between intelligence, education, and bipolar disorder in relation to schizophrenia.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causal inference in psychiatric research: how to critically evaluate and interpret mendelian randomization studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Splitting schizophrenia: divergent cognitive and educational outcomes revealed by genomic structural equation modelling.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Crystallized and fluid cognitive abilities have different genetic associations with neuropsychiatric disorders.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Connecting genomic results for psychiatric disorders to human brain cell types and regions reveals convergence with functional connectivity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Endophenotype 2.0: updated definitions and criteria for endophenotypes of psychiatric disorders, incorporating new technologies and findings.Translational psychiatry · 2024Review
- An exploration into the causal relationships between educational attainment, intelligence, and wellbeing: an observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation study.Npj mental health research · 2024Article
- Evaluating the causal relationship between educational attainment and mental health.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Connecting genomic results for psychiatric disorders to human brain cell types and regions reveals convergence with functional connectivity.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Exploring the influences of education, intelligence and income on mental disorders.General psychiatry · 2024Article
- Cognitive performance protects against Alzheimer's disease independently of educational attainment and intelligence.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- The impact of educational attainment, intelligence and intellectual disability on schizophrenia: a Swedish population-based register and genetic study.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- Educational attainment and mortality in schizophrenia.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic status, individual behaviors and risk for mental disorders: A Mendelian randomization study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2022Article
- Causal associations of intelligence with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A Mendelian randomization analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2021Article
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Abstract
Education and intelligence are highly correlated and inversely associated with schizophrenia. Counterintuitively, education genetically associates with an increased risk for the disease. To investigate why, this study applies a multivariable Mendelian randomization of intelligence and education. For those without college degrees, older age of finishing school associates with a decreased likelihood of schizophrenia-independent of intelligence-and, hence, may be entangled with the health inequalities reflecting differences in education. A different picture is observed for schooling years inclusive of college: more years of schooling increases the likelihood of schizophrenia, whereas higher intelligence distinctly and independently decreases it. This implies the pleiotropy between years of schooling and schizophrenia is horizontal and likely confounded by a third trait influencing education. A multivariable Mendelian randomization of schooling years and bipolar disorder reveals that the increased risk of schizophrenia conferred by more schooling years is an artefact of bipolar disorder - not education.
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