SynthesisBMC health services research2020
How are pay-for-performance schemes in healthcare designed in low- and middle-income countries? Typology and systematic literature review.
Synthesis in BMC health services research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Performance-based incentives and community health workers' outputs, a systematic review.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2021Pooled it
- Decentralized facility financing versus performance-based payments in primary health care: a large-scale randomized controlled trial in Nigeria.BMC medicine · 2021Trial
- The impact of payment methods on oral health promotion and prevention programmes: scoping review.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Enhancing the antenatal care quality through incentivized routine health information system in Northwestern Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study (2020-2021).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Financial autonomy of facilities providing primary care services in low- and middle-income countries: assessing the evidence to inform the development of a typology and conceptual framework.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Using causal loop diagrams to explore the maternal and child health system response to payment for performance in Zambia, and it's generalisability across settings.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Article
- Performance-based payments and intrinsic motivation among primary healthcare workers in China: a cross-sectional survey.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Identifying the active ingredients in payment for performance programmes using system dynamics modelling.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Physicians' incentives, patients' characteristics, and quality of care: a systematic experimental comparison of performance-pay systems.International journal of health economics and management · 2025Article
- Does asthma pay-for-performance program really improve the quality of asthma care: a nationwide retrospective cohort analysis in Taiwan.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Insights from national stakeholders and health workers on learning and performance interventions in immunisation programs: a multi-country situational analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Sustainable financing for vaccination towards advancing universal health coverage in the WHO African region: The strategic role of national health insurance.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Subnational burden estimates to find missing people with tuberculosis: wrong but useful?BMC global and public health · 2024Review
- Understanding the municipal-level design and adaptation of pay-for-performance schemes across two states of Brazil.Health policy and planning · 2024Article
- Does pay-for-performance design matter? Evidence from Brazil.Health policy and planning · 2024Article
- Primary care providers' preferences for pay-for-performance programs: a discrete choice experiment study in Shandong China.Human resources for health · 2024Article
- Inclusion of disability in primary healthcare facilities and socioeconomic inequity in Brazil.Revista de saude publica · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a results-based financing nutrition intervention for tuberculosis patients in Madhya Pradesh, India, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC global and public health · 2023Article
- Improving the technical efficiency of public health centers in Cambodia: a two-stage data envelopment analysis.BMC health services research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPay for performance (P4P) schemes provide financial incentives to health workers or facilities based on the achievement of pre-specified performance targets and have been widely implemented in health systems across low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The growing evidence base on P4P highlights that (i) there is substantial variation in the effect of P4P schemes on outcomes and (ii) there appears to be heterogeneity in incentive design. Even though scheme design is likely a key determinant of scheme effectiveness, we currently lack systematic evidence on how P4P schemes are designed in LMICs.
methodsWe develop a typology to classify the design of P4P schemes in LMICs, which highlights different design features that are a priori likely to affect the behaviour of incentivised actors. We then use results from a systematic literature review to classify and describe the design of P4P schemes that have been evaluated in LMICs. To capture academic publications, Medline, Embase, and EconLit databases were searched. To include relevant grey literature, Google Scholar, Emerald Insight, and websites of the World Bank, WHO, Cordaid, Norad, DfID, USAID and PEPFAR were searched.
resultsWe identify 41 different P4P schemes implemented in 29 LMICs. We find that there is substantial heterogeneity in the design of P4P schemes in LMICs and pinpoint precisely how scheme design varies across settings. Our results also highlight that incentive design is not adequately being reported on in the literature - with many studies failing to report key design features.
conclusionsWe encourage authors to make a greater effort to report information on P4P scheme design in the future and suggest using the typology laid out in this paper as a starting point.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.