ReviewToxins2020
Indoxyl Sulfate, a Uremic Endotheliotoxin.
Review in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Probiotic treatment induces changes in intestinal microbiota but does not alter SCFA levels in peritoneal dialysis patients-a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Article
- Effect of Dietary Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands on Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Endothelial Activation.Toxins · 2026Article
- Postbiotic Nagqu4580 Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis and Suppresses Ferroptosis in Association with the Microbiota-Tryptophan-AhR/Nrf2 Axis.Nutrients · 2026Article
- The Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Tryptophan Metabolism and Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Redox Network Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease: Hydrogen Sulfide Deficiency, Reactive Sulfur Species Dysregulation and the Uremic Toxin-AhR-Mitochondrial Axis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Research advancement on the correlation between gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Review
- The Gut-Kidney-Metabolic Axis: Impact of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins on Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Kidney Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Defect in Humoral Immune Response Is Driven by Inflammation.Toxins · 2026Article
- Serotonin, Kynurenine, and Indole Pathways of Tryptophan Metabolism in Humans in Health and Disease.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Gut-Kidney Axis: Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Associations of chronic kidney disease with recurrent stroke in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage.European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: shared mechanisms, disease-specific signatures, and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- The Effects of Curcumin on Olfactory Dysfunction and Indoxyl Sulphate in Hemodialysis Patients.Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics analysis identifies a robust 14-metabolite signature and reveals microbiome-metabolite-host interactions in atherosclerosis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Urinary Uremic Toxin Signatures and the Metabolic Index of Gut Dysfunction (MIGD) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Stool-Phenotype-Stratified Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. During CKD, the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS)-derived from tryptophan metabolism-accumulates. IS is involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications. IS can be described as an endotheliotoxin: IS induces endothelial dysfunction implicated in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during CKD. In this review, we describe clinical and experimental evidence for IS endothelial toxicity and focus on the various molecular pathways implicated. In patients with CKD, plasma concentrations of IS correlate with cardiovascular events and mortality, with vascular calcification and atherosclerotic markers. Moreover, IS induces a prothrombotic state and impaired neovascularization. IS reduction by AST-120 reverse these abnormalities. In vitro, IS induces endothelial aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and proinflammatory transcription factors as NF-κB or AP-1. IS has a prooxidant effect with reduction of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Finally, IS alters endothelial cell and endothelial progenitor cell migration, regeneration and control vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Reducing IS endothelial toxicity appears to be necessary to improve cardiovascular health in CKD patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.