ReviewJournal of neuro-oncology2021
A review of glioblastoma immunotherapy.
Review in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 186 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
186 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 285 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-grade gliomas with autoimmune encephalitis-like presentation: case report and systematic review of the literature.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Abundant CD8British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- The critical role of the endogenous immune compartment after CAR T cell therapy in recurrent GBM.Cell · 2026Article
- Equity in Neurotoxicity Care in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy.Seminars in neurology · 2026Article
- Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in malignancies: current status and future prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma: immunobiology and translational implications.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Review
- Hypoxic CA9-high mesenchymal-like glioma stem cells promote ANXA1-FPR1-dependent macrophage polarization in recurrent glioblastoma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Glioma-intrinsic MAPK/ERK signaling promotes immunotherapy efficacy through T cell infiltration and interferon responses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Tumor immunogenicity shapes CNS immune niches and CD8⁺ T cell fate in glioblastoma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Resveratrol as a Novel YAP Inhibitor Targeting Glioblastoma Progression and Sensitizing to Chemotherapy.Cancer science · 2026Article
- The promise of immunotherapy for central nervous system tumours.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The MEOX1-PAX1 axis coordinately regulates tumor cell malignancy and Treg differentiation in glioblastoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Breaking Barriers: Advancements in CNS Drug Delivery for Glioblastoma.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Identification of RBX1 as a regulator of LIPT1 transcription and its role in copper-induced cell death in GBM cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Integration of omics data in the diagnosis and therapy of glioblastoma.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Meningeal immunity and "Interstitial" therapy: a new paradigm for immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The dynamic myeloid-enriched microenvironment of glioblastoma: a major challenge to immunotherapy efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Identifying Key Pathogenic Mechanisms in Recurrent Glioblastoma Through Bioinformatics Analysis.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- DNA-Loaded Nanoparticles Reprogram the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Treat Brain Tumors.Small science · 2026Article
126 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionGlioblastoma is a very aggressive cancer with dismal prognosis despite standard of care including surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. There is interest in applying immunotherapy to glioblastoma as this modality has demonstrated remarkable improvements in the management of several solid tumors including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of glioblastoma immunotherapy.
methodsLiterature search was performed on PubMed between 1961 and 2020.
resultsInitial clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors and vaccine therapy for glioblastoma have largely been disappointing for both primary and recurrent glioblastoma. This failure has been attributed to glioblastoma's highly immunosuppressive environment and multiple mechanisms of therapy resistance including high tumor heterogeneity, low mutational burden, systemic immunosuppression, and local immune dysfunction.
conclusionsCurrent clinical trials are exploring combination therapy and novel treatment strategies beyond immune checkpoint therapies and vaccine therapy such as CAR T cells. There is also an effort to establish synergy between immunotherapy and current standard of care. Furthermore, recent advances in personalized neoantigen vaccines suggest a shift towards personalized, patient-specific GBM treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.