Observational studyJournal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology2020
Understanding Naloxone Uptake from an Emergency Department Distribution Program Using a Low-Energy Bluetooth Real-time Location System.
Observational study in Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- A scoping review of emergency department take-home naloxone on patient and health outcomes.CJEM · 2026Article
- A systematic review of macro-, meso, and micro-level harm reduction interventions addressing the U.S. opioid overdose epidemic.Drugs (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Naloxone distribution programs in the emergency department: A scoping review of the literature.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2024Article
- Development of a systematic social observation tool for monitoring use of harm reduction supplies.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Prescribing Naloxone to High-Risk Patients in the Emergency Department: Is it Enough?Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety · 2021Article
- Improving Care Delivery: Location Timestamps to Enhance Process Measurement of a Clinical Workflow.Pediatric quality & safetyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionEmergency department (ED)-based naloxone distribution programs are a widespread harm reduction strategy. However, data describing the community penetrance of naloxone distributed from these programs are lacking. This study gauges acceptance of naloxone use and monitoring technology among people who use drugs (PWUD), and explores the use of real-time location systems (RTLS) in monitoring naloxone movements.
methodsA prospective observational study was conducted on a convenience sample of individuals (N = 30) presenting to a tertiary-care academic medical center ED for an opioid-related complaint. A naloxone kit equipped with a low-energy Bluetooth (BLE) tracking system was employed to detect movement of naloxone off the hospital campus as a proxy for community penetrance, followed by a qualitative interview to gauge participant acceptance of naloxone use and monitoring technology.
resultsDetection of BLE signals verified transit of 24 distributed naloxone kits off our hospital campus. Three participants whose BLE signals were not captured reported taking their kits with them following discharge, suggesting technological errors occurred; another three participants were lost to follow-up. Qualitative interviews demonstrated that participants accepted ED-based naloxone distribution programs and passive tracking technologies, but revealed concerns regarding hypothetical continuous monitoring systems and problematic interactions with first responders and law enforcement personnel.
conclusionsBased on acquired BLE signals, 80% of dispensed naloxone kits left the hospital campus. Use of RTLS to passively geolocate naloxone rescue kits is feasible, but detection can be adversely affected by technological errors. PWUD are amenable to transient monitoring technologies but identified barriers to implementation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.