ReviewInfection and immunity2020
Outer Membrane Lipid Secretion and the Innate Immune Response to Gram-Negative Bacteria.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- New Mediators in the Crosstalk between Different Adipose Tissues.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Review
- Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms of Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atopic Dermatitis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Identification of Bacteria and Viruses by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- New insights into outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria from biogenesis to applications.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Microbiota-Driven Metabolic Alterations Induced by BPA, TDCPP and PFOA in an Ex Vivo Human Fecal Fermentation Model.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Emerging Biotechnological Applications.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Bacterial defense mechanisms against bacteriophages: an evolutionary arms race.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Down-Regulation of Acyloxyacyl Hydrolase Expression in Alzheimer's Disease Impairs LPS Detoxification and Contributes to Brain Pro-Inflammatory Signaling.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Raman spectroscopy reveals growth phase-dependent molecular differences in bacterial membrane vesicles.Journal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Differential membrane lipid disruption by lipopeptide antibiotics, colistin and turnercyclamycins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- One trigger, two fates: hemolysate shapes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in a context-dependent manner.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Microbial extracellular vesicles in the lung: friends in health, agents in disease.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Sphingolipid-mediated vesiculation in multidrug-resistantApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Enhanced efficiency of virulent and temperate phage combination mediated through bacterial membrane vesicles.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Versatile Platform for Vaccine Development: Engineering Strategies, Applications and Challenges.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Review
- Trimming the fat: a brief review of lipids at the host-pathogen interface.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer that consists of inner leaflet phospholipids and outer leaflet lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The asymmetric character and unique biochemistry of LPS molecules contribute to the OM's ability to function as a molecular permeability barrier that protects the bacterium against hazards in the environment. Assembly and regulation of the OM have been extensively studied for understanding mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and bacterial defense against host immunity; however, there is little knowledge on how Gram-negative bacteria release their OMs into their environment to manipulate their hosts. Discoveries in bacterial lipid trafficking, OM lipid homeostasis, and host recognition of microbial patterns have shed new light on how microbes secrete OM vesicles (OMVs) to influence inflammation, cell death, and disease pathogenesis. Pathogens release OMVs that contain phospholipids, like cardiolipins, and components of LPS molecules, like lipid A endotoxins. These multiacylated lipid amphiphiles are molecular patterns that are differentially detected by host receptors like the Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex (TLR4/MD-2), mouse caspase-11, and human caspases 4 and 5. We discuss how lipid ligands on OMVs engage these pattern recognition receptors on the membranes and in the cytosol of mammalian cells. We then detail how bacteria regulate OM lipid asymmetry, negative membrane curvature, and the phospholipid-to-LPS ratio to control OMV formation. The goal is to highlight intersections between OM lipid regulation and host immunity and to provide working models for how bacterial lipids influence vesicle formation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.