ArticleVaccine2020
Childhood vaccination coverage and equity impact in Ethiopia by socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, and child characteristics.
Article in Vaccine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is context considered in health inequity research and why? An examination of current trends in Ethiopia.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2026Pooled it
- The role of gender in early childcare practices in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Rotavirus vaccine coverage, completion, and compliance: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of maternal education on completing childhood vaccination in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vaccine equity in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal for equity in health · 2022Pooled it
- Madagascar's EPI vaccine programs: A systematic review uncovering the role of a child's sex and other barriers to vaccination.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal distribution and determinants of immunization among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia: Using EDHS 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Disparities and barriers to life-course vaccination in Ethiopia: Evidence from a household survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Progress in reaching zero-dose children: analysis of population-modifiable risk factors and inequity trends in low- and lower-middle-income countries.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
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- Determinants of childhood immunization coverage in Somalia: evidence from the Somalia Demographic and Health Survey 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Spatial distribution of full immunization and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in Madagascar: a spatial and multilevel analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence of zero-dose vaccination and its associated factors in urban areas of Somali region, Ethiopia: a mixed-methods approach.BMJ public health · 2026Article
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- Article
- Zero-Dose Childhood Immunization in Conflict-Affected PSNP Districts of Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.Gates open research · 2026Article
- Vaccination Coverage and Determinants Among Children Aged 12-35 Months Following Internal Conflict in Yemen: Insights from a Nationwide Population-Based Survey.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Immunization data management practices and data quality in Ethiopia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Effective coverage of child immunisation service in Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEthiopia is a priority country of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance to improve vaccination coverage and equitable uptake. The Ethiopian National Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) and the Global Vaccine Action Plan set coverage goals of 90% at national level and 80% at district level by 2020. This study analyses full vaccination coverage among children in Ethiopia and estimates the equity impact by socioeconomic, geographic, maternal and child characteristics based on the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey dataset.
methodsFull vaccination coverage (1-dose BCG, 3-dose DTP3-HepB-Hib, 3-dose polio, 1-dose measles (MCV1), 3-dose pneumococcal (PCV3), and 2-dose rotavirus vaccines) of 2,004 children aged 12-23 months was analysed. Mean coverage was disaggregated by socioeconomic (household wealth, religion, ethnicity), geographic (area of residence, region), maternal (maternal age at birth, maternal education, maternal marital status, sex of household head), and child (sex of child, birth order) characteristics. Concentration indices estimated wealth and education-related inequities, and multiple logistic regression assessed associations between full vaccination coverage and socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, and child characteristics.
resultsFull vaccination coverage was 33.3% [29.4-37.2] in 2016. Single vaccination coverage ranged from 49.1% [45.1-53.1] for PCV3 to 69.2% [65.5-72.8] for BCG. Wealth and maternal education related inequities were pronounced with concentration indices of 0.30 and 0.23 respectively. Children in Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa were seven times more likely to have full vaccination compared to children living in the Afar region. Children in female-headed households were 49% less likely to have full vaccination.
conclusionVaccination coverage in Ethiopia has a pro-advantaged regressive distribution with respect to both household wealth and maternal education. Children from poorer households, rural regions of Afar and Somali, no maternal education, and female-headed households had lower full vaccination coverage. Targeted programmes to reach under-immunised children in these subpopulations will improve vaccination coverage and equity outcomes in Ethiopia.
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