ArticleAntiviral research2020
Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro.
Article in Antiviral research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07016321 (Emetine for Viral Outbreaks), which is not on this map. Cited by 498 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Emetine for Viral Outbreaks: A Phase 2/3 Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Emetine for Dengue Fever (a.k.a. EVOLVE Antiviral Initiative)
Who cites it
498 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 969 citations in OpenAlex.
- Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Emerging role of artificial intelligence in therapeutics for COVID-19: a systematic review.Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of herbal compounds on coronavirus; a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Outcomes of patients with HIV and COVID-19 co-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.AIDS research and therapy · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of favipiravir in COVID-19: a live systematic review.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2021Pooled it
- Optimal Dose and Safety of Intravenous Favipiravir in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Dose-Escalating, Randomized Controlled Phase Ib Study.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Trial
- Remdesivir for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Versus a Cohort Receiving Standard of Care.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- An open-label randomized controlled trial of the effect of lopinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir plus IFN-β-1a and hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Trial
- Recent advances in functional studies of coronavirus NSP13 helicase and challenges in inhibitor development.Virulence · 2026Review
- Cross-Family Mechanistic Analysis of Plant Alkaloids Against Neglected Arboviruses and Related RNA Viruses.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Emetine dihydrochloride inhibits Chikungunya virus nsP2 helicase and shows robust antiviral activity in cells and mice.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- RepurNet: A network medicine framework for systematic drug repurposing and disease vulnerability discovery.iScience · 2026Article
- How Can Pharmacology Help Us Overcome the Challenges of Drug Repositioning as Antivirals to Treat Emerging Pathogens? The Example of Covid-19.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Current Trends in Designing New Antivirals Targeting Proteases: A Review from 2018 to 2025.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- Developing Synthetic Full-Length SARS-CoV-2 cDNAs and Reporter Viruses for High-Throughput Antiviral Drug Screening.Viruses · 2025Article
- A Novel HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Intracellular Quantification of the Active Triphosphate Metabolite of Remdesivir: GS-443902.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Article
- Comparative Pharmacovigilance Analysis of Approved and Repurposed Antivirals for COVID-19: Insights from EudraVigilance Data.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- A Knowledge-Guided Graph Learning Approach Bridging Phenotype- and Target-Based Drug Discovery.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Precision spatiotemporal analysis of large-scale compound-protein interactions through molecular dynamics simulation.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Drug repurposing of argatroban, glimepiride and ranolazine shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity via diverse mechanisms.Heliyon · 2025Article
438 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
An escalating pandemic by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is impacting global health and effective therapeutic options are urgently needed. We evaluated the in vitro antiviral effect of compounds that were previously reported to inhibit coronavirus replication and compounds that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials for SARS-CoV-2 patients. We report the antiviral effect of remdesivir, lopinavir, homorringtonine, and emetine against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Vero E6 cells with the estimated 50% effective concentration at 23.15 μM, 26.63 μM, 2.55 μM and 0.46 μM, respectively. Ribavirin or favipiravir that are currently evaluated under clinical trials showed no inhibition at 100 μM. Synergy between remdesivir and emetine was observed, and remdesivir at 6.25 μM in combination with emetine at 0.195 μM may achieve 64.9% inhibition in viral yield. Combinational therapy may help to reduce the effective concentration of compounds below the therapeutic plasma concentrations and provide better clinical benefits.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.