ReviewAutoimmunity reviews2020
The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease.
Review in Autoimmunity reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 988 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safety and Efficacy Study of Ruxolitinib in the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Due to SARS-COV-2
Enoxaparin at Prophylactic or Therapeutic Doses With Monitoring of Outcomes in Subjects Infected With COVID-19: a Pilot Study on 300 Cases Enrolled at ASST-FBF-Sacco
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
988 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,738 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of COVID-19 Susceptibility: A Systematic Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Reactive arthritis following COVID-19 current evidence, diagnosis, and management strategies.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Pooled it
- Comparable safety and non-inferior immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B and BNT162b2 in a phase 2 randomized, observer-blinded study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Casirivimab + imdevimab accelerates symptom resolution linked to improved COVID-19 outcomes across susceptible antibody and risk profiles.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Functional Annotation of GWAS Loci Using Public Transcriptome and Epigenome Datasets Reveals Non-Coding Genes and Regulatory Elements Which May Contribute to BMI.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bone marrow hemophagocytosis in patients with hematological malignancies and COVID-19 infections: mimicry or secondary HLH?Journal of hematopathology · 2026Article
- Risk of new-onset obstructive sleep apnea up to 4.5 years after COVID-19 in the urban population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Co-Culture Systems to Study Epithelial-Immune Interactions During SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current protocols · 2026Article
- Effect ofOpen veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- RAAS antagonists dampen the SARS-CoV-2 infection in ex-vivo cultured human precision-cut lung slices.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Article
- Pathophysiology of Cerebral Microbleeds in Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Mystery: COVID-19 and Diabetic Complications - A Journey from Pathophysiology to Treatment.Current diabetes reviews · 2026Review
- CD63Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the cardiovascular burden of long COVID: symptom profiles, underlying mechanisms, and clinical management insights.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Hyperinflammation by Human Macrophages Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Is Dependent on Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- The Clinical Significance of GRP78 in COVID-19 Pneumonia Across Two Regional Cohorts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- COVID-19, inflammatory cytokines, and digestive system cancers: a bidirectional Mendelian study and mediation analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Impact of vaccination on the development of acute kidney injury in Japanese COVID-19 patients: a retrospective observational analysis.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2025Observational
928 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia patients may exhibit features of systemic hyper-inflammation designated under the umbrella term of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) or cytokine storm, also known as secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (sHLH). This is distinct from HLH associated with immunodeficiency states termed primary HLH -with radically different therapy strategies in both situations. COVID-19 infection with MAS typically occurs in subjects with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and historically, non-survival in ARDS was linked to sustained IL-6 and IL-1 elevation. We provide a model for the classification of MAS to stratify the MAS-like presentation in COVID-19 pneumonia and explore the complexities of discerning ARDS from MAS. We discuss the potential impact of timing of anti-cytokine therapy on viral clearance and the impact of such therapy on intra-pulmonary macrophage activation and emergent pulmonary vascular disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.