ArticleNature biomedical engineering2020
A mountable toilet system for personalized health monitoring via the analysis of excreta.
Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tumor Exposomics: A New Paradigm for Individualized Continuous Exposure Monitoring.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Nucleic acid probe-functionalized self-powered sensor for detection of biomarkers in clinical urine samples.Science advances · 2026Article
- Validity of a Toilet Seat for Automated Classification of Stool Form Using Falling Stool Sensing.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Advances and Challenges in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Review
- Deployment of a cloud-based passive defecation monitoring system for continuous gut health monitoring.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Unobtrusive Sensing at Home Towards Healthcare 5.0: Technologies, Applications, and Future Directions.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Barriers to translating continuous monitoring technologies for preventative medicine.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- AI-Driven Defecation Analysis by Smart Healthcare Toilet: Exploring Biometric Patterns and Eu-Tenesmus.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Digital Biomarkers for Parkinson Disease: Bibliometric Analysis and a Scoping Review of Deep Learning for Freezing of Gait.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Possibility of determining high quantitative fecal occult blood on stool surface using hyperspectral imaging.Journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Long-term, automated stool monitoring using a novel smart toilet: A feasibility study.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2025Article
- Intelligent Screening of Prostate Cancer Individuals Using an Enzyme-Assisted Multicolor Visualization Platform.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- All-solid-state KMikrochimica acta · 2024Article
- "DigitalMe" in smart cities.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2024Review
- Stretchable ionic-electronic bilayer hydrogel electronics enable in situ detection of solid-state epidermal biomarkers.Nature materials · 2024Article
- Digital biomarkers for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: the state of the art.NPJ digital medicine · 2024Review
- Repurposing Sewage and Toilet Systems: Environmental, Public Health, and Person-Centered Healthcare Applications.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2024Article
- Using the TrueLoo Smart Device to Record Toileting Sessions in Older Adults: Retrospective Validation and Acceptance Study.JMIR aging · 2024Article
- Utilization of the microbiome in personalized medicine.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- Challenges and Prospects of Personalized Healthcare Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Technologies for the longitudinal monitoring of a person's health are poorly integrated with clinical workflows, and have rarely produced actionable biometric data for healthcare providers. Here, we describe easily deployable hardware and software for the long-term analysis of a user's excreta through data collection and models of human health. The 'smart' toilet, which is self-contained and operates autonomously by leveraging pressure and motion sensors, analyses the user's urine using a standard-of-care colorimetric assay that traces red-green-blue values from images of urinalysis strips, calculates the flow rate and volume of urine using computer vision as a uroflowmeter, and classifies stool according to the Bristol stool form scale using deep learning, with performance that is comparable to the performance of trained medical personnel. Each user of the toilet is identified through their fingerprint and the distinctive features of their anoderm, and the data are securely stored and analysed in an encrypted cloud server. The toilet may find uses in the screening, diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of specific patient populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.