ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2020
Depression Symptoms and Cognitive Test Performance in Older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors and population attributable fraction for dementia in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Cognition and Depression in American Indian Elders with Prescribed Opioid Use: Data from the Strong Heart Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Head Injury and Associations with Clinical and Neuropsychological Test Scores in Older American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Psychometric evaluation of California Verbal Learning Test second edition short form (CVLT-II SF) score validity in American Indian adults: The Strong Heart Study.Neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Risk and Protective Factors for Mental Health among American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian Older Adults in the United States.American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online) · 2026Article
- Longitudinal associations of depression and diabetes with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias risk among American Indian and Alaska Native peoples.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Predictors of mood disturbance in older adults: a longitudinal cohort study.European geriatric medicine · 2025Article
- Psychometric Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability of MoCA in American Indian Adults: The Strong Heart Study.Assessment · 2025Article
- Cognitive reserve is associated with education, social determinants, and cognitive outcomes among older American Indians in the Strong Heart Study.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Algorithm-defined memory impairment in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.Neuropsychology · 2024Article
- Psychometric reliability, validity, and generalizability of 3MSE scores among American Indian adults: the Strong Heart Study.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2024Article
- Article
- Construction of a machine learning-based risk prediction model for depression in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive people in China: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Body Mass Index, White Matter Hyperintensities, and Cognitive Performance in American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Psychological and social support associations with mortality and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged American Indians: the Strong Heart Study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- Gender differences in the assessment of depression in American Indian older adults: The Strong Heart Study.Psychological assessment · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmerican Indians have excess risk of depression, which can contribute to cerebrovascular and cognitive disability, with effects on memory, processing speed, executive function, and visuospatial ability. However, studies examining depression and cognition in American Indians are limited; this study aims to report associations of depression with general cognition, verbal fluency and memory, and processing speed.
designCohort study.
settingThe Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians study was an ancillary examination of Strong Heart Study participants from 3 U.S. regions.
participantsAll eligible were included in this analysis (N=818). MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed evaluations for depressive symptomology, cognition, and physical function-including Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD), Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition coding (WAIS), Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA), California Verbal and Learning Test, Halstead finger tapping, grip strength, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests. Linear mixed models were adjusted for site, age, sex, education, income, marital status, alcohol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cholesterol, stroke, infarct, and hemorrhage.
resultsSymptoms of depression were common, with 20% (N=138) endorsing CES-D scores of 16+. More depressive symptoms were associated with older age, female sex, lower education, lower income, non-married status, not using alcohol, not smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke. In adjusted analyses, processing speed (WAIS: β -0.13, 95%CI -0.25, -0.03), general cognition (3MSE: β -0.10, 95%CI -0.17, -0.03), verbal fluency (COWA: β -0.10, 95%CI -0.19, -0.01), and motor function (SPPB: β -0.05, 95%CI -0.07, -0.03) were significantly associated with more symptoms of depression.
conclusionThese findings maybe informative for health disparities populations, especially those with depressive risk. Clinicians may require particular training in cultural humility. Future studies should validate use of the CES-D scale in this population; longitudinal studies may focus on causal mechanisms and potential secondary prevention, such as social support. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1739-1747, 2020.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.