ArticleAlimentary pharmacology & therapeutics2020
Analysis of 61 exclusive enteral nutrition formulas used in the management of active Crohn's disease-new insights into dietary disease triggers.
Article in Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is There Evidence of Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) in Remission of Active Disease in Children and Adults? A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Are all dietary fibers equal for patients with inflammatory bowel disease? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical Trial: The Effects of Emulsifiers in the Food Supply on Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease: An Exploratory Double-Blinded Randomised Feeding Trial.Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Exclusive enteral nutrition containing transforming growth factor-β improves intestinal barrier function in a colitis mouse model.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2026Article
- Plant and Animal Protein Sources in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Review
- Beyond Inflammation - A Multidisciplinary Approach to Managing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Current diabetes reports · 2026Review
- Relation of ultra-processed food consumption with ulcerative colitis disease activity.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Efficacy, Tolerability, and Microbiome Effects Toward Personalized Management.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Review
- Diet and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinical and Nutritional Perspective.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Risk of gastrointestinal intolerance and complications associated with homemade versus commercial enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a single-center retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Therapeutic mechanisms of exclusive enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Exploring diet-microbiota interactions and therapeutic nutrition management in inflammatory bowel disease.Biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Tryptophan metabolites profile predict remission with dietary therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Adapting the Crohn's disease exclusion diet to a Nordic framework: a theoretical approach to cultural and nutritional customization.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- The Key Nutrients in the Mediterranean Diet and Their Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Exclusive enteral nutrition initiates individual protective microbiome changes to induce remission in pediatric Crohn's disease.Cell host & microbe · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an effective treatment for Crohn's disease.
aimsTo investigate the hypothesis that ingredients of EEN formulas are unlikely to initiate a disease flare and that their dietary elimination is not essential for disease amelioration.
methodsWe performed compositional analysis of EEN formulas with evidence of efficacy in management of active Crohn's disease. Macronutrient content was compared against the dietary reference values (DRV), the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and intake of Crohn's disease children. Food additives were cross-referenced against the FAO/WHO database.
resultsSixty-one formulas were identified with variable composition (carbohydrates [22.8%-89.3%], protein [7.8%-30.1%], fat [0%-52.5%]). Maltodextrin, milk protein and vegetable/plant oils were the commonest macronutrient sources. Their n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio varied from 0.25 to 46.5. 56 food additives were identified (median per formula: 11). All formulas were lactose-free, gluten-free, and 82% lacked fibre. The commonest food additives were emulsifiers, stabilisers, antioxidants, acidity regulators and thickeners. Food additives, implicated in Crohn's disease aetiology, were present in formulas (modified starches [100%], carrageenan [22%], carboxymethyl cellulose [13%] and polysorbate 80 [5%]). Remission rates did not differ between EEN formulas with and without those food additives. Analysis including only formulas from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) retained in the latest Cochrane meta-analysis produced similar findings. EEN formulas contained less energy from saturated fat than NDNS intake.
conclusionWe have identified food ingredients which are present in EEN formulas that are effective in Crohn's disease and challenge perceptions that these ingredients might be harmful.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.