ArticleHealth services research2020
The impact of paid family leave in the United States on birth outcomes and mortality in the first year of life.
Article in Health services research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The impact of paid family leave on parent and infant health outcomes: a systematic review of quasi-experimental research.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- State Labor Market Policies and Health.The Milbank quarterly · 2026Article
- Impacts of Paid Family Leave on Perinatal Health: A Nationwide Quasi-Experimental Study.Pediatrics · 2026Article
- Infant Mortality Rates of Non-Hispanic White and African-American Term Births: The Effect of Acknowledged Fathers' Education.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Paid family leave to promote breastfeeding: catching policy up to the science.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Paid family leave and reduced acute respiratory infections in young infants: does everyone benefit equally?American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- More than Snuggles: The Effect of Paid Family Leave on Infant Maltreatment.Child maltreatment · 2026Article
- Effects of US state paid family leave policies on perinatal and postpartum health: a quasi-experimental analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effects of State Paid Family Leave Policies on Preventing Household Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Early Childhood in the United States, 2011-2019.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2025Article
- Maternal Differences in Healthcare Provider-Led Conversations About Patients' Work Prior to Pregnancy, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2016-2021.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Article
- Interventions to address inequities in infant mortality and morbidity in the NICU and beyond: A focus on the mother-infant dyad.Seminars in perinatology · 2025Review
- Gaps, Successes, and Opportunities Related to Social Drivers of Health from the Perspectives of Black Preterm Infant Caregivers: A Qualitative Study.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Are extensions in paid parental leave associated with lower infant and neonatal mortality in Latin American cities? Evidence from 148 cities in Chile, Mexico, and Colombia (2000-2015).Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Court-mandated redistricting and disparities in infant mortality and deaths of despair.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Health Disparities in the Management and Outcomes of Critically Ill Children and Neonates: A Scoping Review.Critical care clinics · 2024Article
- A Scoping Review to Identify Community- and Societal-Level Strategies Evaluated from 2013 to 2023 for Their Potential Impact on Child Well-Being in the United States.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Measuring variation in infant mortality and deaths of despair by US congressional district in Pennsylvania: a methodological case study.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Paid Family Leave Programs-Understanding the Consequences for Infant Health.JAMA pediatrics · 2024Article
- The effect of fertility treatment and socioeconomic status on neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in the United States.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the effect of paid family leave in California on statewide rates of preterm birth, low birthweight, postneonatal mortality, and overall infant mortality. DATA SOURCES: Live birth and death certificates from all in-hospital deliveries occurring in California (state exposed to the family leave policy) and two unexposed states (Missouri and Pennsylvania) from 1999 to 2008 (n = 6 164 203). STUDY
designWe used a difference-in-differences approach to compare rates of infant health outcomes before and after implementation of the 2004 policy in California with rates in two states without paid family leave policies. Prespecified stratified analyses examined whether policy response differed by maternal characteristics. Conditional regression models using comparisons matched on a mother's likelihood of living in California in the pre-family leave period were then employed as sensitivity analyses to confirm our findings. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION
methodsProbabilistic methods were used to match live birth records to maternal and newborn hospital records. Only singleton births were included. Dyads were excluded if the infant gestational age was <23 weeks or greater than 44 weeks or if the birthweight was an outlier. PRINCIPAL
findingsCompared to the unexposed states, adjusted postneonatal mortality rates decreased by 12 percent in California after 2004 (aOR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.97). There were no significant effects on the other outcomes. There were no differences in the effect by race/ethnicity or insurance status except for increased odds of low birthweight among privately insured women in California after 2004. Point estimates in the propensity score-matched sensitivity models were similar to the results of the fully adjusted models for all four outcomes, but confidence intervals crossed one.
conclusionsImplementation of paid family leave policies in California was associated with a 12 percent reduction in postneonatal mortality after adjusting for maternal and neonatal factors.
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