ArticleScientific reports2020
Synthetic mycobacterial molecular patterns partially complete Freund's adjuvant.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Isolation and Characterization of Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Mouse Lymph Nodes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Metabolic Reprogramming in Response to Freund's Adjuvants: Insights from Serum Metabolomics.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Actinomycetes - The Repertoire of Diverse Bioactive Chemical Molecules: From Structures to Antibiotics.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- A conserved human CD4+ T cell subset recognizing the mycobacterial adjuvant trehalose monomycolate.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
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- Vaccines and Dementia: Part II. Efficacy of BCG and Other Vaccines Against Dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Review
- Vaccines and Dementia: Part I. Non-Specific Immune Boosting with BCG: History, Ligands, and Receptors.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Review
- Synthesis and validation of click-modified NOD1/2 agonists.Innate immunity · 2023Article
- BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.iScience · 2023Article
- PEI-PLGA nanoparticles significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of IsdBImmunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- A nod to the bond between NOD2 and mycobacteria.PLoS pathogens · 2023Review
- Motor Behavioral Deficits in the Cuprizone Model: Validity of the Rotarod Test Paradigm.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: Progress and future opportunities.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2022Review
- Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Mice Dually Disrupted forFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Protein Immunization Induces Memory CD4Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Article
- Elevated serum antibody responses to synthetic mycobacterial lipid antigens among UK farmers: an indication of exposure to environmental mycobacteria?RSC medicinal chemistry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) has historically been one of the most useful tools of immunologists. Essentially comprised of dead mycobacteria and mineral oil, we asked ourselves what is special about the mycobacterial part of this adjuvant, and could it be recapitulated synthetically? Here, we demonstrate the essentiality of N-glycolylated peptidoglycan plus trehalose dimycolate (both unique in mycobacteria) for the complete adjuvant effect using knockouts and chemical complementation. A combination of synthetic N-glycolyl muramyl dipeptide and minimal trehalose dimycolate motif GlcC14C18 was able to upregulate dendritic cell effectors, plus induce experimental autoimmunity qualitatively similar but quantitatively milder compared to CFA. This research outlines how to substitute CFA with a consistent, molecularly-defined adjuvant which may inform the design of immunotherapeutic agents and vaccines benefitting from cell-mediated immunity. We also anticipate using synthetic microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to study mycobacterial immunity and immunopathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.