ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2020
Smoking Upregulates Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor: A Potential Adhesion Site for Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19).
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04705766 (The KIDCOV Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 294 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The KIDCOV Study: ASSESSMENT of SARS-CoV-2 Without HOSPITALIZATION as a RISK FACTOR for ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Who cites it
294 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 559 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: a living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta-analyses (version 7).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Pooled it
- The effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Detection profile of SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR in different types of clinical specimens: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical determinants of the severity of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Toxic metal exposure as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of comorbid asthma on severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Renin-angiotensin imbalance promotes excessive fibrin deposition through M2 macrophage-derived tissue factor expression in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Selective IgA Deficiency and COVID-19 Outcomes: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Investigating the role of opium consumption in the severity, and outcome of COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
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- Genetic Analysis and Clinical Effect ofSultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2026Article
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- Oral health, smoking status, and oral manifestations of adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 during the Omicron outbreak in China: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Motivational and behavioral mechanisms underlying generalized health risking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in smokers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Global Impact of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Effects on Various Aspects of Life.Toxicology research · 2024Review
- Lifestyle and eating habits changes among adults during COVID-19 era in Egypt: a population-based study.BMC nutrition · 2024Article
- Assessment of lifestyle changes related to quarantine among Saudi population during the early COVID-19 pandemic: pre- and post-analysis.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2024Article
- Discovery of common molecular signatures and drug repurposing for COVID-19/Asthma comorbidity: ACE2 and multi-partite networks.Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) · 2024Article
234 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The epicenter of the original outbreak in China has high male smoking rates of around 50%, and early reported death rates have an emphasis on older males, therefore the likelihood of smokers being overrepresented in fatalities is high. In Iran, China, Italy, and South Korea, female smoking rates are much lower than males. Fewer females have contracted the virus. If this analysis is correct, then Indonesia would be expected to begin experiencing high rates of Covid-19 because its male smoking rate is over 60% (Tobacco Atlas). Smokers are vulnerable to respiratory viruses. Smoking can upregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, the known receptor for both the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the human respiratory coronavirus NL638. This could also be true for new electronic smoking devices such as electronic cigarettes and "heat-not-burn" IQOS devices. ACE2 could be a novel adhesion molecule for SARS-CoV-2 causing Covid-19 and a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of fatal microbial infections, and therefore it should be fast tracked and prioritized for research and investigation. Data on smoking status should be collected on all identified cases of Covid-19.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.