ArticleMedical physics2020
Frequency-dependent signal and noise in spectroscopic x-ray imaging.
Article in Medical physics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Compton Camera X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging Design and Image Reconstruction Algorithm Optimization.Journal of imaging · 2025Article
- Can processed images be used to determine the modulation transfer function and detective quantum efficiency?Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.) · 2024Article
- Anomalous edge response of cadmium telluride-based photon counting detectors jointly caused by high-flux radiation and inter-pixel communication.Physics in medicine and biology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeWe present a new framework for theoretical analysis of the noise power spectrum (NPS) of photon-counting x-ray detectors, including simple photon-counting detectors (SPCDs) and spectroscopic x-ray detectors (SXDs), the latter of which use multiple energy thresholds to discriminate photon energies.
methodsWe show that the NPS of SPCDs and SXDs, including spatio-energetic noise correlations, is determined by the joint probability density function (PDF) of deposited photon energies, which describes the probability of recording two photons of two different energies in two different elements following a single-photon interaction. We present an analytic expression for this joint PDF and calculate the presampling and digital NPS of CdTe SPCDs and SXDs. We calibrate our charge sharing model using the energy response of a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) spectroscopic x-ray detector and compare theoretical results with Monte Carlo simulations.
resultsOur analysis shows that charge sharing increases pixel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but degrades the zero-frequency signal-to-noise performance of SPCDs and SXDs. In all cases considered, this degradation was greater than 10%. Comparing the presampling NPS with the sampled NPS showed that degradation in zero-frequency performance is due to zero-frequency noise aliasing induced by charge sharing.
conclusionsNoise performance, including spatial and energy correlations between elements and energy bins, are described by the joint PDF of deposited energies which provides a method of determining the photon-counting NPS, including noise-aliasing effects and spatio-energetic effects in spectral imaging. Our approach enables separating noise due to x-ray interactions from that associated with sampling, consistent with cascaded systems analysis of energy-integrating systems. Our methods can be incorporated into task-based assessment of image quality for the design and optimization of spectroscopic x-ray detectors.
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