ArticleSurgical endoscopy2020
Cognitive load in 3d and 2d minimally invasive colorectal surgery.
Article in Surgical endoscopy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparison of 2D and 3D visualization in minimally invasive and robotic surgery: a systematic review.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Pooled it
- Comparison of laparotomy, laparoscopy, and da Vinci in Whipple, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, and gastrectomy.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- A scoping review of cognitive load assessment tools suitable for clinicians performing REBOA.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Assessing anatomical variations of the inferior mesenteric artery via three-dimensional CT angiography and laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a retrospective observational study.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Which video technology brings the higher cognitive burden and motion sickness in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: 3D, 2D-4 K or 3D-4 K? a propensity score study.International journal of colorectal disease · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThree-dimensional (3d) laparoscopy has been introduced to enhance depth perception and facilitate surgical operations. The aim of this study was to compare cognitive load during 3d and 2d laparoscopic procedures.
methodsTwo subjective questionnaires (the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire and the NASA task load index) were used to prospectively collect data regarding cognitive load in surgeons performing 2d and 3d laparoscopic colorectal resections. Moreover, the perioperative results of 3d and 2d laparoscopic operations were analyzed.
resultsA total of 313 patients were included: 82 in the 2d group and 231 in the 3d group. The NASA TLX results did not reveal significantly major cognitive load differences in the 3d group compared with the 2d group; the SSQ results were better in the 3d group than in the 2d group in terms of general discomfort, whereas difficulty concentrating, difficulty focusing, and fatigue were more frequent in 3d operations than in 2d operations (p = 0.001-0.038). The results of age, sex, and ASA score were comparable between the two groups (p = 0.299-0.374). The median operative time showed no statistically significant difference between the 3d and 2d groups (median, IQR, 2d 150 min [120-180]-3d 160 min [130-190] p = 0.611). There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of severe complications between patients in the 3d group and in the 2d group (2d 7 [8.54%] vs 3d 21 [9.1%], p = 0.271). The median hospitalization time and the reoperation rate showed no difference between the 2d and 3d operations (p = 0.417-0.843).
conclusionThe NASA TLX did not reveal a significant difference in cognitive load between the 2d and 3d groups, whereas data reported by the SSQ showed a mild risk of cognitive load in the 3d group. Furthermore, 3d laparoscopic surgery revealed the same postoperative results as 2d standard laparoscopy.
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