ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin: New Pleiotropic Functions for an "Old" Hormone During Pregnancy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Translational interdisciplinary research on human chorionic gonadotropin's enhancement of neuroendocrine crosstalk: a novel medical hypothesis for systemic adjunctive treatment of psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Exposure to radon and ambient particle radioactivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes: The current literature and potential mechanisms.Environmental research · 2024Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of intrauterine hCG perfusion efficacy in recurrent implantation failure as defined by ESHRE guidelines.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of estradiol supplementation on luteal support following a significant reduction in serum estradiol levels after hCG triggering: a prospective randomized controlled trial.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2024Trial
- Embryonic Mediators of Embryo-Uterus Communication, Implantation and Pregnancy.Molecular reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Immunological Role of Intrauterine Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Infertile Women Undergoing ICSI.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2026Article
- Blood-based biomarker discovery for early pregnancy loss using integrative multi-omics strategies.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Ovarian Function and Infertility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The dual face of human chorionic gonadotropin in the CNS: neuroprotection, signaling, and possible pathological effects.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Review
- Lugol's Iodine as a Key Treatment in Transient Gestational Thyrotoxicosis: A Case Report.Case reports in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Differential immunologic response to GnRHa alone vs. dual trigger for final follicular maturation: a proof-of-concept pilot study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Endometrial immune dysregulation shapes CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Placental syncytial knots in the spectrum of maternal vascular malperfusion: mechanisms and clinical implications.Vascular biology (Bristol, England) · 2026Article
- The clinical significance of T cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression in central nervous system germ cell tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Examination of the proposed relationships between cyclic menstruation and human reproduction.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- Multiplying Meanings of Pregnancy Through Personal Accounts of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease.Body & society · 2024Article
- Human post-implantation blastocyst-like characteristics of Muse cells isolated from human umbilical cord.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Update on therapeutic use of levothyroxine for the management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy.Endocrine connections · 2024Review
- Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and its Management with the Dual-Release Formulation of Doxylamine and Pyridoxine.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is the first specific molecule synthesized by the embryo. hCG RNA is transcribed as early as the eight-cell stage, and the blastocyst produces the protein before its implantation. hCG in the uterine microenvironment binds with its cognate receptor, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), on the endometrial surface. This binding stimulates leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) production and inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by epithelial cells of the endometrium. These effects ensure essential help in the preparation of the endometrium for initial embryo implantation. hCG also effects angiogenic and immunomodulatory actions as reported in many articles by our laboratories and other ones. By stimulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, hCG provides the placenta with an adequate maternal blood supply and optimal embryo nutrition during the invasion of the uterine endometrium. The immunomodulatory properties of hCG are numerous and important for programming maternal immune tolerance toward the embryo. The reported effects of hCG on uterine NK, Treg, and B cells, three major cell populations for the maintenance of pregnancy, demonstrate the role of this embryonic signal as a crucial immune regulator in the course of pregnancy. Human embryo rejection for hCG-related immunological reasons has been studied in different ways, and a sufficient dose of hCG seems to be necessary to maintain maternal tolerance. Different teams have studied the addition of hCG in patients suffering from recurrent miscarriages or implantation failures. hCG could also have a beneficial or a negative impact on autoimmune diseases during pregnancy. In this review, we will discuss the immunological impacts of hCG during pregnancy and if this hormone might be used therapeutically.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.