ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2021
Polygenic Mendelian Randomization.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Dissecting the shared genetic landscape of anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The Genoeconomics of Impulsive Intertemporal Choice: A Critical Review.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2026Review
- Polygenic scores in psychiatric research and clinical practice.Medizinische Genetik : Mitteilungsblatt des Berufsverbandes Medizinische Genetik e.V · 2026Article
- Birthweight phenotype genotype mismatch in cardiometabolic programming.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Decoding ulcerative colitis pathogenesis through transcriptomics: from dysregulated gene networks to targeted intervention strategies.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Causal Relationship Between Blood Proteome and Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Rheumatoid arthritis and airway hyperresponsiveness: A GWAS-based mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Postmarketing pharmacovigilance study of levothyroxine based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) and Mendelian randomization.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- The Genetic Link Between Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia and Depression/Anxiety Disorders: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- Greater susceptibility of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis to basal cell carcinoma: a combined genomics and Mendelian randomization analysis.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Elucidating EGCG' s targets in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through combined cell-based assays and transcriptomic sequencing.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid metabolites and their association with female reproductive disorders: insights from mendelian randomization.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- CD14+ Monocytes Will Become a New Target for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: Based on Mendel Randomization, Clinical Analysis and Cell Experiment Verification.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- A synergistic multi-omics approach: causal sepsis drivers identified in activated CD4Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Identification of potential therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an integrated multiomics analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- IL18 Works Like a Two-Side Coin in Acute Pancreatitis.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Integrated expression quantitative trait loci and Mendelian randomization analyses of the candidate genes and pathways identified for myocardial infarction.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Genomic approaches to understanding pregnancy phenotypes and birth outcomes and their links with long-term maternal and offspring health-the value of distinguishing maternal and fetal genetic effects.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Getting to GRIPS with MR-Egger: Modelling directional pleiotropy independently of allele coding.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Plasma metabolic landscape unveils key regulators of leukemia subtype progression.Future science OA · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many exposures considered in Mendelian randomization (MR) studies are polygenic in that they are influenced by thousands of genetic variants. By using many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables, more variation in the exposure is explained, increasing the precision of MR. Furthermore, methods can be designed that relax the assumptions of MR, especially concerning direct pleiotropic effects on the outcome. This article reviews the concepts and assumptions underlying the commonly used polygenic MR methods. Using a polygenic score as an instrument is equivalent to a weighted mean of individual SNP results, and the other fundamental averages, median and mode, may also be used to estimate causal effects. Outlier detection is useful for identifying pleiotropic SNPs to be excluded from analysis. Bayesian approaches are available to incorporate prior beliefs about pleiotropy. These methods each entail different assumptions, and together provide a set of sensitivity analyses to help triangulate evidence about causality.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.