ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2020
Mediation of Firearm Violence and Preterm Birth by Pregnancy Complications and Health Behaviors: Addressing Structural and Postexposure Confounding.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Exposure to violence and socioeconomic deprivation in susceptibility to nitrogen dioxide on term infant birthweight in New York City.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- The Association Between Neighborhood Gunshot Frequency and the Development of Preterm Birth.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Gun Violence Exposure and Quality of Life in Nine US States.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Social determinants of health in pregnant individuals from underrepresented, understudied, and underreported populations in the United States.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- The Structural Violence Trap: Disparities in Homicide, Chronic Disease Death, and Social Factors Across San Francisco Neighborhoods.Journal of the American College of Surgeons · 2022Article
- A scoping review on the use of machine learning in research on social determinants of health: Trends and research prospects.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Occurrence of fatal police violence during pregnancy and hazard of preterm birth in California.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Firearm violence may indirectly affect health among pregnant women living in neighborhoods where it is endemic. We used birth, death, emergency department, and hospitalization data from California from 2007-2011 to estimate the association between living in a neighborhood with high firearm violence and preterm delivery, and assessed whether there was mediation by diagnoses of pregnancy complications and health behaviors during pregnancy. We used an ensemble machine learning algorithm to predict the propensity for neighborhoods to be classified as having a high level of firearm violence. Risk differences for the total effect and stochastic direct and indirect effects were estimated using targeted maximum likelihood. Residence in high-violence neighborhoods was associated with higher prevalence of preterm birth (risk difference (RD) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13, 0.80), infections (RD = 1.34, 95% CI: -0.17, 2.86), asthma (RD = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.03, 1.48), and substance use (RD = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.00, 1.47). The largest indirect effects for the association between violence and preterm birth were observed for infection (stochastic indirect effect = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.08) and substance use (stochastic indirect effect = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.06). Firearm violence was associated with risk of preterm delivery, and this association was partially mediated by infection and substance use.
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