Observational studyThe Journal of clinical investigation2020
Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019.
Observational study in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 13 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 2,969 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ARDS Prevention Trial for COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients
COVID-19-Associated Lymphopenia Pathogenesis Study in Blood
Complications Risk Factors in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection: Role of Proteins Electrophoresis
Does Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Have A Role in Resistant Cytokine Storm State Of COVID-19 Infection?
Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus for Treating COVID-19 Infection
Decitabine for COVID-19 Pneumonia-ARDS Treatment: DART Trial
Convalescent Plasma in the Early Treatment of High-Risk Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection
Assessment of Netosis During COVID-19, Under Treatment With Anakinra, an Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist
Multicenter Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Clinical Trial of Acetylsalicylic Acid in the Prevention of Severe SARS-CoV2 Pneumonia in Hospitalised Patients (Asperum)
DEXamethasone EARLY Administration in Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia and High Risk of Developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Evaluation of the Cytokine 's Profile Following SarsCov 2 Infection (COVID-19) in Hemodialysis Patients
Potential Role of Inflammasome NLRP3 And IL-1B Gene Expression In COVID-19 Patients: Impact of Ferretin and D -Dimer.
Who cites it
2,969 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 5,044 citations in OpenAlex.
- S100 Protein and Interleukin Biomarkers Among COVID-19 Subjects With and Without Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.British journal of biomedical science · 2025Pooled it
- Bone Mineral Density, Bone Biomarkers, and Joints in Acute, Post, and Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of subcutaneous vs. intravenous tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a systematic review.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of tocilizumab for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and high IL-6 levels: A randomized controlled trial.Infection · 2025Trial
- Methylprednisolone pulse therapy compared with intravenous dexamethasone for severe COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Virology journal · 2025Trial
- Long-term angiogenic and thromboinflammatory signatures in post-COVID-19 syndrome.Angiogenesis · 2026Article
- β-Cell Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Secretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Xenosialylation as immunological chimerism: a host-centered unifying model for viral and post-vaccination immune complications.European cytokine network · 2026Review
- Cytokine Profiles in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Neutrophils following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Study from Kuwait.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2026Article
- Heparin-binding protein and Endothelin-1 in critical COVID-19.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- Early prediction of severe Omicron pneumonia using a multimodal a.i. model integrating delta CT radiomics and laboratory indicators.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pentoxifylline in patients with COVID-19 and with liver cirrhosis or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Emerging insights.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Signatures of Circulating Protein and Cellular Host Responses Predicting COVID-19 Severity.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Autoantibodies to IL-1Ra and PGRN in severe COVID-19 are associated with inflammation-induced hyperphosphorylated antigen isoforms.Nature communications · 2026Article
- An Iron-Complement Network Model of Thromboinflammation and Humoral Immune Remodeling in Severe COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Association of CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Subsets and Cytokine Profiles with Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Integrated assessment of total airway count and pneumonia volume on chest computed tomography as a prognostic biomarker for coronavirus disease.European radiology · 2026Article
- Serum sCD25 predicts mortality and reflects IL-2-driven dysregulation of CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Effects of graphene photothermal adjuvant therapy in patients infected with the Omicron BF.7 variant 2022: a prospective randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Article
2,909 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUNDSince December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, and is now becoming a global threat. We aimed to delineate and compare the immunological features of severe and moderate COVID-19.METHODSIn this retrospective study, the clinical and immunological characteristics of 21 patients (17 male and 4 female) with COVID-19 were analyzed. These patients were classified as severe (11 cases) and moderate (10 cases) according to the guidelines released by the National Health Commission of China.RESULTSThe median age of severe and moderate cases was 61.0 and 52.0 years, respectively. Common clinical manifestations included fever, cough, and fatigue. Compared with moderate cases, severe cases more frequently had dyspnea, lymphopenia, and hypoalbuminemia, with higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and D-dimer as well as markedly higher levels of IL-2R, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells decreased in nearly all the patients, and were markedly lower in severe cases (294.0, 177.5, and 89.0 × 106/L, respectively) than moderate cases (640.5, 381.5, and 254.0 × 106/L, respectively). The expression of IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells tended to be lower in severe cases (14.1%) than in moderate cases (22.8%).CONCLUSIONThe SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect primarily T lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, resulting in a decrease in numbers as well as IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells. These potential immunological markers may be of importance because of their correlation with disease severity in COVID-19.TRIAL REGISTRATIONThis is a retrospective observational study without a trial registration number.FUNDINGThis work is funded by grants from Tongji Hospital for the Pilot Scheme Project, and partly supported by the Chinese National Thirteenth Five Years Project in Science and Technology for Infectious Disease (2017ZX10202201).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.