ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2020
Immune microenvironment in ductal carcinoma in situ: a comparison with invasive carcinoma of the breast.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Complete disappearance of ductal carcinomaAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Article
- Racial Disparity in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Risk-Predictive and Actionable Biomarkers for Early Intervention.Cancers · 2026Review
- Multiscale domain identification for spatial transcriptomics via persistent homology.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Transforming unstructured breast cancer pathology reports into the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- The impact of immune microenvironment on local control of ductal carcinoma in situ receiving breast conservative therapy.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- PHD-MS: Multiscale Domain Identification for Spatial Transcriptomics via Persistent Homology.ArXiv · 2025Article
- Spatial gene expression at single-cell resolution from histology using deep learning with GHIST.Nature methods · 2025Article
- Decoding tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes heterogeneity in ductal carcinoma in situ: immune microenvironment dynamics and prognostic insights.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- DCIS Progression and the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Insights and Prognostic Challenges.Cancers · 2025Review
- PD-L1 and FOXP3 expression in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the anogenital region.Oncotarget · 2025Article
- Expression of T cell-related proteins in breast ductal carcinomaHistology and histopathology · 2025Article
- Prognostic and therapeutic potential of CXCR6 expression on CD8 + T cells in gastric cancer: a retrospective cohort study.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Review
- The Microenvironment in DCIS and Its Role in Disease Progression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- FGFR2 expression relates to subtype-specific tumour microenvironment (TIME) during luminal breast cancer evolution.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- From ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: the prognostic value of the extracellular microenvironment.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2024Review
- Multi-omics portrait of ductal carcinoma in situ in young women.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe immune microenvironment in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its significance are not well established. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune microenvironment of DCIS including the composition of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subsets and PD-L1+ immune cells and to compare it with that of invasive breast cancer. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 671 cases including three different disease groups of pure DCIS, DCIS with microinvasion (DCIS-M), and invasive carcinoma were included in this study. CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ TIL subsets and PD-L1+ immune cells were detected with immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays and were analyzed in relation to clinicopathologic characteristics and different disease groups.
resultsIn pure DCIS, high infiltrations of CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ T cells and the presence of PD-L1+ immune cells were associated with high nuclear grade, comedo-type necrosis, hormone receptor (HR) negativity, and high Ki-67 proliferation index. All immune cell infiltrations were higher in invasive carcinoma than in pure DCIS regardless of the HR status. While CD4+ T cells were more abundant than CD8+ T cells in pure DCIS, CD8+ T cells were dominant in invasive carcinoma, especially in HR-negative tumors. Within individual cases of invasive carcinoma with DCIS component, all immune cell subset infiltration was higher in the invasive component than in the DCIS component; however, CD4+ TIL infiltration did not differ between the two components in HR-negative tumors. Comparing pure DCIS, DCIS-M, and DCIS associated with invasive carcinoma (DCIS-INV), CD4+ TIL infiltration revealed a gradual increase from pure DCIS to DCIS-M and DCIS-INV in the HR-negative group, whereas FOXP3+ TIL infiltration was significantly increased in DCIS-INV than in pure DCIS in the HR-positive group. The high infiltration of FOXP3+ TIL and the presence of PD-L1+ immune cells were associated with tumor recurrence in patients with pure DCIS.
conclusionsOur study showed that the immune microenvironment differs significantly not only between DCIS and invasive carcinoma but also between pure DCIS, DCIS-M, and DCIS-INV depending on the HR status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.