Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32216098›Full record

ArticleJournal of applied clinical medical physics2020

Dosimetric evaluation of synthetic CT generated with GANs for MRI-only proton therapy treatment planning of brain tumors.

Samaneh Kazemifar, Ana M Barragán Montero, Kevin Souris, Sara T Rivas, Robert Timmerman, Yang K Park, Steve Jiang, Xavier Geets, Edmond Sterpin, Amir Owrangi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of applied clinical medical physics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. AI in Proton Therapy Treatment Planning: A Narrative Review.International journal of particle therapy · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Principles of artificial intelligence in radiooncology.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2025
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Synthetic CT in Carbon Ion Radiotherapy of the Abdominal Site.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Article
  15. A Survey on Deep Learning for Precision Oncology.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Samaneh KazemifarMedical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
Ana M Barragán MonteroMedical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
Kevin SourisInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology (MIRO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Sara T RivasInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology (MIRO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Robert TimmermanMedical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
Yang K ParkMedical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
Steve JiangMedical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
Xavier GeetsInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology (MIRO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Edmond SterpinInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology (MIRO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Amir OwrangiMedical Artificial Intelligence and Automation (MAIA) Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

Funding

Baillet Latour FundsIon Beam Application
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe purpose of this study was to address the dosimetric accuracy of synthetic computed tomography (sCT) images of patients with brain tumor generated using a modified generative adversarial network (GAN) method, for their use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-only treatment planning for proton therapy.

methodsDose volume histogram (DVH) analysis was performed on CT and sCT images of patients with brain tumor for plans generated for intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). All plans were robustly optimized using a commercially available treatment planning system (RayStation, from RaySearch Laboratories) and standard robust parameters reported in the literature. The IMPT plan was then used to compute the dose on CT and sCT images for dosimetric comparison, using RayStation analytical (pencil beam) dose algorithm. We used a second, independent Monte Carlo dose calculation engine to recompute the dose on both CT and sCT images to ensure a proper analysis of the dosimetric accuracy of the sCT images.

resultsThe results extracted from RayStation showed excellent agreement for most DVH metrics computed on the CT and sCT for the nominal case, with a mean absolute difference below 0.5% (0.3 Gy) of the prescription dose for the clinical target volume (CTV) and below 2% (1.2 Gy) for the organs at risk (OARs) considered. This demonstrates a high dosimetric accuracy for the generated sCT images, especially in the target volume. The metrics obtained from the Monte Carlo doses mostly agreed with the values extracted from RayStation for the nominal and worst-case scenarios (mean difference below 3%).

conclusionsThis work demonstrated the feasibility of using sCT generated with a GAN-based deep learning method for MRI-only treatment planning of patients with brain tumor in intensity-modulated proton therapy.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsProton TherapyRadiotherapy, Intensity-ModulatedHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingRadiotherapy DosageRadiotherapy Planning, Computer-AssistedTomography, X-Ray Computedartificial intelligencebrain MRIdeep learningGAN structureproton therapysynthetic CT

Identifiers

PMID32216098
PMCPMC7286008

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.