ArticleClinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society2020
Iron deficiency is a common disorder in general population and independently predicts all-cause mortality: results from the Gutenberg Health Study.
Article in Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency (FAIR-HF2 DZHK05 trial): Sex-specific outcomes.European journal of heart failure · 2025Trial
- Effect of ferric citrate hydrate on fibroblast growth factor 23 and platelets in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and non-chronic kidney disease patients with iron deficiency anemia.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of iron deficiency screening in pregnancy across ferritin-based thresholds.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Retiring rusty myths around intravenous iron.HemaSphere · 2026Article
- Iron Deficiency in Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated with Percutaneous Angioplasty-A Factor of Unestablished Significance.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Association of Intravenous Versus Oral Iron Therapy With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Advanced CKD.Kidney medicine · 2026Article
- Iron deficiency and dementia risk: evidence from the Swedish population-based cohort study AMORIS.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Causal Effect of Dietary Patterns on Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- The synergy of nutritional risk and iron deficiency as a predictor of mortality in older emergency department patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Blood donor populations reveal a clear association between ferritin and change in haemoglobin levels.British journal of haematology · 2025Article
- Review
- Clinical Outcomes of Iron Supplement Therapy in Non-Anemic Female CKD Stage 3 Patients with Low Serum Ferritin Level: A Multi-Institutional TriNetX Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in females.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Review
- Cost-Effectiveness of Ferritin Screening Thresholds for Iron Deficiency in Reproductive-Age Women.American journal of hematology · 2025Article
- Iron Deficiency as a Factor of Worse Prognosis in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Lymph food to improve canine atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial in dogs with standard-care treatment.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Ironically unwell: anaemia and iron deficiency among health-aware adults in the UK.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Iron deficiency in dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Association between CFTR modulators and changes in iron deficiency markers in cystic fibrosis.Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundIron deficiency is now accepted as an independent entity beyond anemia. Recently, a new functional definition of iron deficiency was proposed and proved strong efficacy in randomized cardiovascular clinical trials of intravenous iron supplementation. Here, we characterize the impact of iron deficiency on all-cause mortality in the non-anemic general population based on two distinct definitions.
methodsThe Gutenberg Health Study is a population-based, prospective, single-center cohort study. The 5000 individuals between 35 and 74 years underwent baseline and a planned follow-up visit at year 5. Tested definitions of iron deficiency were (1) functional iron deficiency-ferritin levels below 100 µg/l, or ferritin levels between 100 and 299 µg/l and transferrin saturation below 20%, and (2) absolute iron deficiency-ferritin below 30 µg/l.
resultsAt baseline, a total of 54.5% of participants showed functional iron deficiency at a mean hemoglobin of 14.3 g/dl; while, the rate of absolute iron deficiency was 11.8%, at a mean hemoglobin level of 13.4 g/dl. At year 5, proportion of newly diagnosed subjects was 18.5% and 4.8%, respectively. Rate of all-cause mortality was 7.2% (n = 361); while, median follow-up was 10.1 years. After adjustment for hemoglobin and major cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval of the association of iron deficiency with mortality was 1.3 (1.0-1.6; p = 0.023) for the functional definition, and 1.9 (1.3-2.8; p = 0.002) for absolute iron deficiency.
conclusionsIron deficiency is very common in the apparently healthy general population and independently associated with all-cause mortality in the mid to long term.
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