Trial reportPloS one2020
The association of macronutrients in human milk with the growth of preterm infants.
Trial report in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Different Dietary Patterns on Macronutrient Composition in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Multisensory Early Oral Administration of Human Milk (M-MILK) for Very Preterm Infants: Enhancing Stress Regulation, Neurodevelopment, and Oral Feeding Skills.Biological research for nursing · 2026Article
- Human milk macronutrient composition and intake in relation to preterm infant growth: a cohort study.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Recombinant human IGF-1 alleviates dyslipidemia induced by lactational maternal dietary restriction.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Mineral Profiling of Preterm, Term Breast Milk, and Commercial Infant Formula: Evaluating Nutritional Adequacy for Premature Neonates.Preventive nutrition and food science · 2026Article
- Implementation of a partnership involving parents in the care of critically ill children: an integrative review.Acute and critical care · 2025Article
- Development of home-based methods to defat human milk for infants with chylothorax: An experimental study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Article
- Effects of Maternal Pre-Pregnancy BMI on Preterm Infant Microbiome and Fecal Fermentation Profile-A Preliminary Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Risk factors and co-occurring patterns of low birth weight in Bangladesh: Insights from logistic regression and association rule mining.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Review
- The Impact of Estimated Energy and Protein Balances on Extrauterine Growth in Preterm Infants.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Associations of Macronutrient Intake Determined by Point-of-Care Human Milk Analysis with Brain Development among very Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Growth of Very Preterm Infants in a Low-Resourced Rural Setting after Affiliation with a Human Milk Bank.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Article
- Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Human Milk Macronutrients Among Thai Mothers of Premature Infants.The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursingObservational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreast milk is the optimal choice for feeding premature babies. However, the prevalence rate of extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants remains high.
objectivesThe purpose of this study was to analyze the macronutrients present in human milk and the correlation with the growth of in-hospital preterm infants.
methodsThis prospective study is based on data from 99 in-hospital preterm infants younger than 37 weeks of gestational age on an exclusively human milk diet. Infants who had previously received parenteral nutrition were eligible, but they had to have reached full enteral feeding at the time that the samples were taken. A total of 3282 samples of raw human milk or donor pasteurized milk were collected. The levels of lactose, protein, fat, and energy in the samples were measured using a Miris human milk analyzer. The primary outcome was weight growth velocity (g/kg/day) which was obtained using two-point approach.
resultsThe mean (±standard deviation) macronutrient composition per 100 mL of milk was 7.2 (±0.3) g of lactose, 1.1 (±0.2) g of true protein, 3.5 (±0.9) g of fat, and 66.9 (±6.5) kcal of energy. The protein concentration in human milk had a positive, significant correlation with body weight gain, with a coefficient of 0.41 (p < 0.001). After adjusting for gestational age, postmenstrual age, small-for-gestational age, intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus or congestive heart failure, duration of total parenteral nutrition support, bottle feeding or use of orogastric tube, and ventilator support, total daily protein intake was associated with body weight growth (p < 0.001).
conclusionBoth the protein concentration in human milk and the daily total protein intake had a positive correlation with the body weight gain of premature infants. Routine analysis of breast milk and individualized fortification might be indicated to optimize the growth of preterm infants.
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