ReviewJOR spine2020
TWEAK and TSLP in disc degeneration and spontaneous hernia resorption.
Review in JOR spine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood and lymphatic vascular remodeling in intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exploring upstream and downstream causality of inflammatory cytokines in intervertebral disc degeneration: a bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomization study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2025Article
- Mechanisms and management of self-resolving lumbar disc herniation: bridging molecular pathways to non-surgical clinical success.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Review
- Immune Mechanisms and Pain in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Serum periostin levels correlate with severity of intervertebral disc degeneration.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2024Article
- Prevalence, clinical predictors, and mechanisms of resorption in lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review.Orthopedic reviews · 2024Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals heterogeneity and intercellular crosstalk in human intervertebral disc degeneration.iScience · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of tissue degeneration mediated by periostin in spinal degenerative diseases and their implications for pathology and diagnosis: a review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- The Essence of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Lumbar Disc Herniation, 2021: 2. Pathological Condition.Spine surgery and related research · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spontaneous degeneration of an intervertebral disc is caused by inflammation that accompanies exposure of the avascular nucleus pulposus to circulation, triggering an autoimmune inflammatory reaction. Both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of IVD regulation by various cytokines are involved in disc degeneration and spontaneous hernia resorption through inflammatory responses. The major goal of this narrative review was to assemble our past findings about the potential role of cytokines in disc diseases and to clarify directions for future research. A member of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) superfamily, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is constitutively expressed in the intervertebral disc, and induces a chronic, but relatively weak inflammatory response, thereby suppressing the formation of cartilage matrix and inducing production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Previously we indicated that TWEAK is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting the production of cartilage matrix in the intervertebral disc, and inducing the further expression of MMP-3. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is expressed primarily by epithelial cells, and induces inflammation at the time of tolerance failure in allergic disease. We found TSLP induced migration of immunocompetent cells to the disc in intervertebral disc disease by promoting the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) by the intervertebral disc and these cells may be involved in the resorption of herniated disc tissue. Considering the pivotal role of TWEAK and TSLP we review our current understanding of these factors and their involvement in disc degeneration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.