ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Live-Attenuated PruΔAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Leishmaniasis: pathogenesis, host immunity, and the evolving landscape of immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Expression and immunogenicity evaluation of a novel Lentiviral multi- epitope vaccine against Leishmania major in BALB/c mice.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- Design and development of highly conserved, HLA-promiscuous T cell multiepitope vaccines against human visceral leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Induction of gametocytogenesis in human malaria parasites: from stress to genome editing.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Computational vaccine development against protozoa.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Review
- Review
- A state-of-the-art methodology for high-throughput in silico vaccine discovery against protozoan parasites and exemplified with discovered candidates for Toxoplasma gondii.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Recent Advances in the Development of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines for Parasitic Infections.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Thio- and selenosemicarbazones as antiprotozoal agents againstJournal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- Sexual Development in Non-Human Parasitic Apicomplexa: Just Biology or Targets for Control?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Nano- and Microformulations to Advance Therapies for Visceral Leishmaniasis.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2021Review
- The Benefits of Exporting: Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as Promising Vaccine Candidates against Enteric Fever.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Characterization of a new Leishmania major strain for use in a controlled human infection model.Nature communications · 2021Article
- A clinical study to optimise a sand fly biting protocol for use in a controlled human infection model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (the FLYBITE study).Wellcome open research · 2021Article
- Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines against Malaria.Vaccines · 2020Review
- What Would Jenner and Pasteur Have Done About COVID-19 Coronavirus? The Urges of a Vaccinologist.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although viruses and bacteria have been known as agents of diseases since 1546, 250 years went by until the first vaccines against these pathogens were developed (1796 and 1800s). In contrast, Malaria, which is a protozoan-neglected disease, has been known since the 5th century BCE and, despite 2,500 years having passed since then, no human vaccine has yet been licensed for Malaria. Additionally, no modern human vaccine is currently licensed against Visceral or Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccination against Malaria evolved from the inoculation of irradiated sporozoites through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes in 1930's, which failed to give protection, to the use of controlled human Malaria infection (CHMI) provoked by live sporozoites of
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.