ReviewInternational journal of medical sciences2020
The Immune Privilege of the Intervertebral Disc: Implications for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment.
Review in International journal of medical sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatiotemporal delivery of endplate-targeted single-atom cerium nanozyme for immune-vascular crosstalk modulation and sclerosis attenuation.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Article
- A Novel Gelatin Hydrogel-Based Drug-Delivery System Promotes Antimicrobial Efficacy in a Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis Rat Model.JOR spine · 2026Article
- HDAC1 maintains metabolic homeostasis in nucleus pulposus cells via post-translational modification interactions with YBX1.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Dual-functional hydrogel platform suppresses M1 activation and stabilizes M2 macrophages in intervertebral disc degeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Harnessing Platelet-derived factors to reactivate Nucleus Pulposus cells in Intervertebral Disc Regeneration.Regenerative therapy · 2026Article
- Revealing the Dynamic Association Between Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Markers and Intervertebral Disk Degeneration.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Exosomes derived from senescent skeletal muscle cells aggravate nucleus pulposus cell metabolic dysregulation via p38MAPK pathway for promoting intervertebral disc degeneration.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Current Perspective on Orthobiology Applications for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IDD)-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Supercritical carbon dioxide decellularization of porcine annulus fibrosus for regenerative medicine.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- A SASP-related four-gene signature associated with intervertebral disc degeneration: integrated bioinformatics analysis and validation of pinocembrin as a therapeutic candidate.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Complex Mechanical Loading and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.JOR spine · 2026Article
- Blood and lymphatic vascular remodeling in intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Revealing the Correlation Between NLRP3 Inflammasome-Related Genes and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Based Multiomic Analysis and Experimental Validation.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Restoring immune homeostasis in the spinal microenvironment: targeting mechano-inflammation and immunometabolic reprogramming.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechano-immune interactions in musculoskeletal aging: Mechanisms and translational perspectives.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Targeting the nuclear factor kappa B pathway for the medical management of intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- CT-guided transforaminal versus C-arm-guided intradiscal ozone injection for cervical disc herniation: a comparative cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Do microenvironmental changes in degenerative disc disease reflect in systemic circulation? A proteomic investigation.Clinical proteomics · 2025Article
- Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular organ of the body. It is composed of three parts: the nucleus pulposus (NP), the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the cartilaginous endplate (CEP). The central NP is surrounded by the AF and sandwiched by the two CEPs ever since its formation. This unique structure isolates the NP from the immune system of the host. Additionally, molecular factors expressed in IVD have been shown inhibitive effect on immune cells and cytokines infiltration. Therefore, the IVD has been identified as an immune privilege organ. The steady state of immune privilege is fundamental to the homeostasis of the IVD. The AF and the CEP, along with the immunosuppressive molecular factors are defined as the blood-NP barrier (BNB), which establishes a strong barrier to isolate the NP from the host immune system. When the BNB is damaged, the auto-immune response of the NP occurs with various downstream cascade reactions. This effect plays an important role in the whole process of IVD degeneration and related complications, such as herniation, sciatica and spontaneous herniated NP regression. Taken together, an enhanced understanding of the immune privilege of the IVD could provide new targets for the treatment of symptomatic IVD disease. However, the underlying mechanism above is still not fully clarified. Accordingly, the current study will extensively review and discuss studies regarding the immune privilege of the IVD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.