ArticlePloS one2020
Neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes in encephalitis: A multi-centre case-control study.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Adjunctive corticosteroids in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical phenotype and outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex virus encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of infection · 2025Pooled it
- Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in herpes simplex encephalitis: a resting-state fMRI study and associations with anxiety.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- Altered amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in herpes simplex encephalitis: a resting-state fMRI study and associations with anxiety.Brain imaging and behavior · 2026Article
- HSV-1 infections of the prefrontal cortex: regional vulnerability, cellular mechanisms, and neurocognitive consequences.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Psychiatric and behavioural sequelae following encephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain communications · 2026Review
- Sequelae of viral CNS infections including outcomes, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Bridging Epilepsy and Cognitive Impairment: Insights from EEG and Clinical Observations in a Retrospective Case Series.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Long-Term Cognitive, Functional, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Neurology · 2024Article
- Outcome and Sequelae of Infectious Encephalitis.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- Mental health outcomes of encephalitis: An international web-based study.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Outcome and Sequelae of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- The Queen Square Encephalitis Multidisciplinary Team Meeting - experience over three years, pre and post the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2023Article
- Epilepsy, Immunity and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- The Emerging Scenario of the Gut-Brain Axis: The Therapeutic Actions of the New Actor Kefir against Neurodegenerative Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Fatigue in Survivors of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- MOG-IgG1 and co-existence of neuronal autoantibodies.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2021Article
- Adjunctive steroids in adults with encephalitis: a propensity score analysis.Journal of neurology · 2021Observational
- The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesOur aim was to compare neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes across three encephalitis aetiological groups: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), other infections or autoimmune causes (Other), and encephalitis of unknown cause (Unknown).
methodsPatients recruited from NHS hospitals underwent neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment in the short-term (4 months post-discharge), medium-term (9-12 months after the first assessment), and long-term (>1-year). Healthy control subjects were recruited from the general population and completed the same assessments.
resultsPatients with HSV were most severely impaired on anterograde and retrograde memory tasks. In the short-term, they also showed executive, IQ, and naming deficits, which resolved in the long-term. Patients with Other or Unknown causes of encephalitis showed moderate memory impairments, but no significant impairment on executive tests. Memory impairment was associated with hippocampal/medial temporal damage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and naming impairment with left temporal and left frontal abnormalities. Patients reported more subjective cognitive complaints than healthy controls, with tiredness a significant problem, and there were high rates of depression and anxiety in the HSV and the Other encephalitis groups. These subjective, self-reported complaints, depression, and anxiety persisted even after objectively measured neuropsychological performance had improved.
conclusionsNeuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes after encephalitis vary according to aetiology. Memory and naming are severely affected in HSV, and less so in other forms. Neuropsychological functioning improves over time, particularly in those with more severe short-term impairments, but subjective cognitive complaints, depression, and anxiety persist, and should be addressed in rehabilitation programmes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.