ArticleCell reports2020
Route of Vaccine Administration Alters Antigen Trafficking but Not Innate or Adaptive Immunity.
Article in Cell reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Advancements in nanoparticle-based vaccine development against Japanese encephalitis virus: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Controlling timing and location in vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Lipid-Based Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Glycoproteins: Current Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Seasonal influenza mRNA vaccine induces stronger innate and comparable or better adaptive responses than licensed inactivated vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Effects of cellular receptors on the vaccine efficacies of adenovirus vector-based vaccines following intramuscular and intranasal administration.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The multilayered identity of B cell memory.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Fluorinated lipid nanoparticles enable real-time tracking of mRNA delivery and uncover spatiotemporal mechanisms of immune activation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Harnessing pro-inflammatory and immunopathologic immune responses in urinary tract infections for vaccine development: it's all about a balance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Distinct components of mRNA vaccines cooperate to instruct efficient germinal center responses.Cell · 2025Article
- Biological nanoparticles from Brucella abortusJournal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Mucosal delivery of influenza antigens using a replication deficient adenovirus supports broadly reactive antibody responses and heterologous viral immunity in the respiratory tract of animals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Vaccination with an mRNA-encoded membrane-bound HIV envelope trimer induces neutralizing antibodies in animal models.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in the Functionalization of Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Strategies and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Article
- The saponin monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticle adjuvant induces dose-dependent HIV vaccine responses in nonhuman primates.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Article
- Off-The-Shelf Multivalent Nanoconjugate Cancer Vaccine Rescues Host Immune Response against Melanoma.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Monitoring mRNA vaccine antigen expression in vivo using PET/CT.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Small circular RNAs as vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although intramuscular (i.m.) administration is the most commonly used route for licensed vaccines, subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery is being explored for several new vaccines under development. Here, we use rhesus macaques, physiologically relevant to humans, to identify the anatomical compartments and early immune processes engaged in the response to immunization via the two routes. Administration of fluorescently labeled HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers displayed on liposomes enables visualization of targeted cells and tissues. Both s.c. and i.m. routes induce efficient immune cell infiltration, activation, and antigen uptake, functions that are tightly restricted to the skin and muscle, respectively. Antigen is also transported to different lymph nodes depending on route. However, these early differences do not translate into significant differences in the magnitude or quality of antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses over time. Thus, although some distinct immunological differences are noted, the choice of route may instead be motivated by clinical practicality.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.