ArticleCell host & microbe2020
Altered Immunity of Laboratory Mice in the Natural Environment Is Associated with Fungal Colonization.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers.
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Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed.
- Soil-derived microbiota induces T regulatory cells and protect against mouse colitis, metabolic disease, and sepsis.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- A naturalized gut microbiome interacts with dietary fibers to protect against colonic inflammation.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- A host-adapted commensal fungus from pet store mice drives type 2 immunity and cross-kingdom protection.iScience · 2026Article
- Dirty mice better recapitulate key features of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity observed in humans.mBio · 2026Article
- Candidalysin promotes fungal-specific Th17 CD4 T cell differentiation and protective systemic immunogenicity.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Hematological consequences of environmental change during dewilding of rhesus macaques.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sequential infection reprograms the immune landscape to shape future responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Going wild: prioritizing experimental models of rodent-borne viruses to decode zoonotic spillover and pandemic risk.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dirty mice better recapitulate key features of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity observed in humans.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The role of gastrointestinal PCR in inflammatory bowel disease flares: A double-edged sword or a diagnostic breakthrough?Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Review
- A host-adapted commensal fungus from pet store mice drives type 2 immunity and cross-kingdom protection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Natural microbial enrichment modulates microglial states and transcriptional programs relevant to Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Hematological Consequences of Environmental Change During Dewilding of Rhesus Macaques.Research square · 2025Article
- Naturalized immune responses are stable over years in a colony of laboratory mice with wild-derived microbiota.Immunity · 2025Article
- The soil-plant-human gut microbiome axis into perspective.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Commensalism and pathogenesis of Candida albicans at the mucosal interface.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Gene-environment interactions shape the host-microbial interface in inflammatory bowel disease.Nature immunology · 2025Review
- Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Free-living mammals, such as humans and wild mice, display heightened immune activation compared with artificially maintained laboratory mice. These differences are partially attributed to microbial exposure as laboratory mice infected with pathogens exhibit immune profiles more closely resembling that of free-living animals. Here, we examine how colonization by microorganisms within the natural environment contributes to immune system maturation by releasing inbred laboratory mice into an outdoor enclosure. In addition to enhancing differentiation of T cell populations previously associated with pathogen exposure, outdoor release increased circulating granulocytes. However, these "rewilded" mice were not infected by pathogens previously implicated in immune activation. Rather, immune system changes were associated with altered microbiota composition with notable increases in intestinal fungi. Fungi isolated from rewilded mice were sufficient in increasing circulating granulocytes. These findings establish a model to investigate how the natural environment impacts immune development and show that sustained fungal exposure impacts granulocyte numbers.
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